Transcript Unit 10: Explore biotechnology applications in the agriculture industry

Unit 10: Explore biotechnology applications in the
agriculture industry
• Compare methods of plant and animal
improvement as a result of biotechnology
Biotechnology
• Is the process of using cells or components of cells to
produce products or processes
Microorganisms
• Are used in biotechnology to produce products or carry out
processes
Illustrations of biotechnology
• The use of yeast to make bread rise
• Bacteria is used to ferment sauerkraut
• Bacteria is used to produce dozens of types of cheeses
and other dairy products
• Microorganisms are used to transform fruit and grains
into alcoholic beverages
E. Coli
• Is bacteria that has been genetically engineered to produce
human insulin in the lab
Biological control
• Is an example of a biotechnology applications
Silage
• Is an example of biotechnology in livestock feed
production, green plants are converted to livestock feed
The genetic connection
• Genetics: is the biology of heredity
• Heredity: is the transmission of characteristics from an
organism to its offspring through genes in reproductive
cells
• Gregor Johann Mendel: discovered the effect of genetics
on plant characteristics with his experimentation with
garden peas
Selective breeding
• Is the earliest example of livestock improvement
Gregor Johann Mendel
• Has been credited for creating the foundation for the study
of Heredity
Clone
• Is offspring that is an exact duplicate or copy of the parents
Progeny
• Is a common synonym for offspring
Genes
• Are components of cells that determine the individual
characteristics of living things
• Genes are comprised of DNA
DNA
• Is the acronym for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Is coded material in a cell that determines what that cell
and its successive cells will become
• DNA occurs in pairs of strands intertwined with each other
and is connected by chemicals called Bases
DNA pairs
• Adenine pairs with thymine
• Guanine pairs with cytosine
Mapping
• Is the matching of genes to certain traits
• Is used by geneticists to determine which genes are
responsible for certain traits
Examples of mapping
• Tendency of baldness in humans
• Height of plants at a certain maturity
• Tendency of females to have twin offspring
Fingerprinting
• Is also known as DNA mapping
Applications of biotechnology in agriscience
• The application of DNA matching to identify parents or
offspring
Genetic engineering
• Is the movement of genetic information in the form of
genes from one cell to another cell
•
Genetic engineering was discovered by scientists in the
early 1980s and was a breakthrough in modifying the
genetic makeup of organisms
Products of genetic engineering
• One of the first commercial products of genetic engineering
was insulin, a chemical used by people with diabetes
• Herbicide resistant crops are a product of genetic
engineering
• BST (bovine somatotrapin) is a hormone used to increase
milk production in dairy cattle and became available
commercially as a result of genetic engineering
• Other bacteria strains are under development to convert
solid waste from humans and livestock into sugar and fuel
Ice-minus
• Is a bacteria that was genetically altered to retard frost
formation on plant leaves
X-gal
• Is a compound that causes marked bacteria to turn blue,
this can be easily detected and traced in experimental or
real-life situations
Genetically altered plants
• May be resistance to drought, insects or plant diseases