Transcript Human Genome Project, Stem Cells and Cloning

Human Genome
Project,
Stem Cells
and
Cloning
Human Genome
Project
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A genome is an organism’s
complete set of DNA
•
Project began in 1990;
Completed in 2003
Coordinated by National
Institutes of Health (NIH) &
U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE)
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What is the Human Genome Project (HGP)?
Goals of HGP
1. Reading and determining the
sequence of the 3 billion base pairs
in the human genome.
2. Locating and identifying all genes in
the human genome which there is
about 30,000
3. Storing information into databases
that are accessible to the public
4. Analyzing and addressing ethical,
legal, & social issues involved in
using this information
Benefits of the Human Genome Project
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We have located many diseased
genes and genetic tests have
been created.
Researching bacteria genomes
furthered research for fuel &
environmental clean-up
Improved technology for DNA
forensic science
Other sequences completed for E.
coli, yeast, simple round worm,
fruit fly, rat & chimpanzee (model
organisms for studying how similar
genes work in humans.)
Maps of chromosomes # 13 & #
17; show the location of BRCA 2
& BRCA 1 – breast cancer genes.
DNA Fingerprinting: Used in DNA Forensics
DNA fingerprinting: tool used by forensics
scientists to identify a person using DNA.
How it Works:
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A sample of the person’s DNA is taken from blood,
semen, bone, or hair.
DNA fragments are placed into a gel & connected to
an electric current
DNA moves through the gel; shortest lengths move
the fastest & longest lengths move the slowest.
A characteristic banding pattern is produced and a
photograph is taken
The banding pattern is unique for each person – thus
called a DNA fingerprint
DNA Fingerprints
Was any of the victims blood
on the defendants clothing?
Which dog was probably
the culprit (dog that bit
the person)?
How Cloning Occurs in Nature
Clone: an organism that is
genetically identical to
another organism
a. All of the genes are the
same (identical)
2. Examples of cloning that
occurs in nature
a. Reproduction in bacteria
& sponges (asexual)
b. Identical twins are
natural clones
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Bacteria and Plant Cloning is Easy
1.
Cloning of transgenic
bacteria creates many
“living factories” used
to make insulin &
other drugs
2. Cloning of transgenic
plants to insure
genetics are intact for
the next generation.
Bacteria that contain genes
for digesting oil can be
used to clean up oil spills.
Animal Cloning is difficult
and controversial
Dolly: First
cloned animal
Also called Reproductive Cloning
First Cloned Cat
What are Stem Cells &
Why Do Scientists Want Them?
1.
Stem cells: undefined
cells that reproduce
continuously & can
develop into any type
of cells or tissues
(link)
2. The hope is to be able
to produce tissue &
organs for transplants
Stem cell technology
can help those who wait
for organ transplants.
Where do we get Stem Cells?
Embryonic Stem cells are most easily obtained
from embryos and umbilical cords. (work best)
2. Adult Stem cells are found in bone marrow and
skin.
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