Transcript Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Objectives • Name the six kingdoms of organisms and identify two characteristics of each. • Explain the importance of bacteria and fungi in the environment. • Describe the importance of protists in the ocean environment. • Describe how angiosperms and animals depend on each other. • Explain why insects are such successful animals. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things The Diversity of Living Things • Six kingdoms based on different characteristics cell structure & how it obtains food. • Animals, plants, fungi, and protists cells all contain a nucleus. While cells of bacteria, fungi, and plants all have cell walls. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things The Kingdoms of Life Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Bacteria • Bacteria- extremely small, single-celled organisms, usually have a cell wall and reproduce by cell division (asexual). • lack nuclei. • 2 kinds of bacteria: Archaebacteri Eubacteria-Most bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Bacteria benefits • Break down the remains and wastes of other organisms, returning nutrients to the soil. • Others recycle nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. • Certain bacteria- convert nitrogen from the air into a form that plants can use. -nitrogen- main component of proteins and genetic material. • Allows organisms (humans) to extract nutrients from food (E.Coli aids in digestion, release vitamins Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Fungi • Fungus- organism – nuclei – rigid cell walls (allows fungus to stand upright) , – no chlorophyll. • Mushroom- above ground, reproductive structure -underground- network of fibers, absorb food from decaying organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Fungi • Get their food by releasing chemicals that help break down organic matter, and then absorbing the nutrients. • Huge networks of threads that grow through soil, dead wood, or other material on which it is feeding. • Like bacteria, fungi play an important role in breaking down the bodies of dead organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Fungi Can: • cause disease Ex. Athlete’s foot • Adds flavor to food Ex. blue cheese-blue color and strong flavor. • fungi such as yeast produces the gas that makes bread rise. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Protists • Protist- diverse organisms, belong to the kingdom Protista. • Some: animal like Ex. Amoeba plant like Ex. Kelp fungi like • Most are one-celled microscopic organisms Ex: Diatoms- float on the ocean surface, Plasmodium, is the one-celled organism that cause malaria. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Protists • Algae- plantlike protists, make their own food,range in size: giant kelp to the one-celled phytoplankton ( initial source of food in most ocean and freshwater ecosystems. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Plants • Plants -many-celled organisms, cell walls, make their own food/ sun’s energy. • Most live on land • use their leaves to get sunlight, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from the air • Roots absorbing nutrients and water from the soil • Leaves and roots are connected by vascular tissue Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Gymnosperms • Gymnosperms- woody vascular plants, seeds not enclosed by an ovary or fruit, produce pollen & seeds. • Conifers Ex. pine trees, are gymnosperms that bear cones. • able live in drier conditions Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Angiosperms • Angiosperms- flowering plants that produce seeds within fruit. Most land plants are angiosperms. • The flower- reproductive structure of the plant. Ex: grasses-have small flowers uses wind to disperse their pollen. • Large flowers can attract insects and birds which disperse their seeds and carry their pollen. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Angiosperms Examples • Wheat, rice, beans, oranges, lettuce, squash, watermelon, tomatoes, etc. come from flowering plants. • Also building materials and fibers, such as oak and cotton Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Animals • Animals- cannot make their own food. Take it in from the environment. • Animal cells- no cell walls • Animals are much more mobile than plants. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Invertebrates • Invertebrates- animals that do not have backbones. • Many- attached to hard surfaces in the ocean, filter their food out of the water Ex:-corals, various worms, and mollusks. • These organisms are only mobile when they are larvae, in this early stage, ocean’s plankton. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Invertebrates • Other invertebrates actively move in search of food – squid in the ocean – insects on land • Insects, most abundant animal on Earth (ants, cock roaches, bees, etc.) • Successful for many reasons: – waterproof skeleton – can move and reproduce quickly (some fly) – small in size- small amts. of food and can hide from enemies in small places. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Invertebrates • insects and plants – depend on each other to survive. – Insects carry pollen from male fruit parts to fertilize a plant’s egg – Result fruit which animals eat. • Insects are also valuable because they eat other insects that we consider to be pests. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Invertebrates • Harmful insects, such as bloodsucking insects, transmit human diseases such as malaria, sleeping sickness, and West Nile virus. • Insects damage indirectly by eating our crops. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Vertebrates • Vertebrates- animals that have a backbone Ex: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. • Some believe the first vertebrates were fish and the first land vertebrates were reptiles. Reptiles have almost waterproof egg, allows it to hatch on land, away from predators in the water. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Section 3 The Diversity of Living Things Vertebrates • Birds are warm-blooded vertebrates with feathers. – keep their hard shelled eggs and young warm until they have developed insulating layers of fat and feathers. • Mammals are warm-blooded vertebrates that have fur and feed their young milk. • Birds and mammals maintain a high body temperature, can live in cold areas, where other animals cannot live. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What is the term for the area where organisms live together with their physical environment? A. B. C. D. biome biosphere ecosystem population Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. What is the term for the area where organisms live together with their physical environment? A. B. C. D. biome biosphere ecosystem population Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following describes the theory of natural selection? F. Organisms with desired traits are selected for reproduction. G. Heredity determines which organisms will survive in their environment. H. Traits are developed in organisms in response to interaction with other organisms. I. Organisms with strong survival traits are more likely to pass the traits on in reproduction. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following describes the theory of natural selection? F. Organisms with desired traits are selected for reproduction. G. Heredity determines which organisms will survive in their environment. H. Traits are developed in organisms in response to interaction with other organisms. I. Organisms with strong survival traits are more likely to pass the traits on in reproduction. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What inherited trait increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment? A. B. C. D. adaptation characteristic evolution resistance Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. What inherited trait increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment? A. B. C. D. adaptation characteristic evolution resistance Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What are the six kingdoms of life? F. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals G. Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Land Animals, Marine Animals H. Bacteria, Fungi, Plant-like Protists, Animal-like Protists, Plants, Animals I. Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Flowering Plants, Nonflowering Plants, Animals Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 4 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What are the six kingdoms of life? F. Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Animals G. Eubacteria, Fungi, Protists, Plants, Land Animals, Marine Animals H. Bacteria, Fungi, Plant-like Protists, Animal-like Protists, Plants, Animals I. Bacteria, Fungi, Protists, Flowering Plants, Nonflowering Plants, Animals Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.