Transcript The Necessity of Classifying

Classification of Organisms
The Necessity of Classifying
People group things together for convenience…
For example…Musical instruments are grouped
together…
However, in any classification system there are
problems…
For instance, a piano has strings…yet it is not
stroked like a violin…so should it be in the same
group?
The Necessity of Classifying
The same problems apply to taxonomy (the
science of classifying organisms into
groups)…
There are millions of different kinds of
organisms…
The Modern Classification System
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Rules for Biological Classification
1. Each group on one level of the hierarchy
may be divided into several groups on
the next lower level.
2. Each group in the hierarchy has various
characteristics that all of the levels under
the group posses.
3. Each level of the hierarchy can be
divided into smaller groups before
reaching the next lower level.
Terms to Know
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Eukaryotic – Membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotic – Non-Membrane bound organelles
Heterotrophic – Cannot produce own food
Autotrophic – Produces own food
Unicellular – A single cell organism
Colonial – Group of similar cells living together
(but the cells are unicellular)
• Multicellular – Consists of many cells
The Kingdoms
There are Five Kingdoms:
Animalia
Monera } Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Kingdom Monera
• Prokaryotic -Lack membrane-bound
organelles
• Microscopic
• Unicellular or colonial
• Example: Bacteria
Kingdom Monera - Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria are found in
extreme environments such
as hot boiling water and
thermal vents under
conditions with no oxygen
or highly acid environments.
• Finding Archaebacteria: The hot springs of
Yellowstone National Park, USA, were among the first
places Archaebacteria were discovered. The biologists
pictured are immersing microscope slides in the boiling
pool onto which some archaebacteria might be captured
for study.
Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria
• Like archaebacteria,
eubacteria are complex
and single celled.
• Most bacteria are in the
EUBACTERIA kingdom.
• They are the kinds found
everywhere and are the
ones people are most
familiar with.
• This is a picture of E. coli
Kingdom Monera - Eubacteria
• Most eubacteria are
helpful.
• Some produce
vitamins and foods
like yogurt.
• However, these
eubacteria,
Streptococci pictured,
can give you strep
throat!
Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryotic – Have
membrane bound
organelles
• Unicellular or colonial
• Heterotrophic
• Example:
Mushrooms and
molds
Kingdom Protista
• Eukaryotic – Have
membrane bound
oragnelles
• Unicellular or colonial
• Both autotrophic and
heterotrophic
• Example: Algae and
Protozoans
• Protists include all
microscopic organisms
that are not bacteria, not
animals, not plants and
not fungi.
Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotic – Have
membrane bound
organelles.
• Multicellular
• Autotrophic
• Examples: Plants
• Without plants, life on
Earth would not
exist! Plants feed almost
all the heterotrophs
(organisms that eat other
organisms) on
Earth. Wow!
Kingdom Animalia
• Eukaryotic – Have
membrane bound
organelles
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic
• Examples: Dogs and
people
Scientific Names
Organisms are given a scientific name…
This name uses a system of Binomial Nomeclature…
Bionomial means “two-names”
Nomenclature means “naming”
Scientific names use Latin, because Linnaeus (the founder
of the system) spoke Latin.
Genus-Species Names
Organisms scientific name uses the genus-species
of the organism…
The name is always in italics…
Only the Genus name is capitalized…
Example: Equus caballus - common horse
Equus asinus - donkey
Biblical Kind vs Species
A “kind” of animal refers to not just species, but similar
types…
For example: Dogs are Canine familiaris but they are the
same “kind” of animal as the wolf or coyote.
On the ark, God sent Noah two of every “kind” of
animal…Most likely, there was not dogs and wolves and
coyotes, but a representative “kind” that has become all
the variations we have today.
The End of Classification!