Transcript Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

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‫عمران‪26‬‬
What is Microbiology?
Micro - too small to be
seen with the naked eye
Bio - life
ology - study of
Organisms included in the study of
Microbiology
1. Bacteria
Bacteriology
2. Protozoans
Protozoology
3. Algae
Phycology
4. Parasites
Parasitology
5. Yeasts and Molds
 Fungi
6. Viruses
Mycology
Virology
Microorganisms - Microbes - Germs
Bacteriology:
It is science to deal with the study of the bacteria.
Virology:
It is science to deal with the study of the virus.
Mycology:
It is science to deal with the study of fungi.
Immunology:
It is the science to deal with the resistance of the
body to any foreign substance.
Parasitology:
It is the science to deal with Parasites.
The importance of
microorganisms:
• Microorganisms are the oldest forms of life.
• Microorganisms have the greatest biomass.
• Microorganisms have killed more people than
have ever been killed in wars.
• Without certain microorganism life could not
exist; produce O2 and N2 .
• Microorganisms are decomposers.
BRANCHES OF STUDY WITHIN
MICROBIOLOGY
• Immunology
• Public health microbiology &
epidemiology
• Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology
• Biotechnology
• Genetic engineering & recombinant
DNA technology
MICROBES ARE INVOLVED IN
•Nutrient production & energy flow
•Decomposition (bioremediation)
•Production of foods
•Production of drugs & vaccines
•Genetic engineering
• Causing disease
-1665 Robert Hooke
• “little boxes”
- “cells”
• Cell Theory - all living things are made up of
cells
• 1590 – First compound light microscope
Zacharias Janssen
•Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1674 who was the
first person to actually see living
microorganisms
•Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 1676 –first
observation of bacteria “animalcules
•*As a tailor, used lenses to examine cloth.
It was probably this that led to his interest
in lens making.
•*He assembled nearly 250 microscopes,
some of which magnified objects 270
times.
•*As he looked at things with his
microscopes, he discovered presence of
“micro” organisms - organisms so tiny that
they were invisible to the naked eye.
•*He called these tiny living organisms
“animalcules”. He first described bacteria
and the protozoans.
• Edward Jenne
1796 – First
vaccine (smallpox)
• 1857 – Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur
• Rudolph Virchow 1858 the owner of
the Theory of Biogenesis, that said ;
Cells can only arise from preexisting
cells
• 1884 Disease transmission Robart koch
Koch’s Postulates who established the
relationship between Bacillus anthracis
and anthrax; also isolated the bacillus that
causes tuberculosis
• 1885 - Vaccine against Rabies
Louis
pasteur
• - Developed vaccines for Chickenpox,
anthrax, rabies
•
Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the
activities of specific yeasts and bacteria.
•
Alexander Fleming
1929
Penicillin (first antibiotic)
•
British bacteriologist observed bacterial staphylococci
colonies disappearing on plates contaminated with
mold.
•
Fleming extracted the compound from the mold
responsible for destruction of the bacterial colonies.
Discovery of
•
•
•
•
•
The product of the mold was named penicillin, after
the Penicillium mold from which it was derived
1938 – First Electron Microscope
The electron microscope is capable of magnifying
biological specimens up to one million times. These
computer enhanced images of 1. smallpox, 2. herpes
simplex, and 3. mumps are magnified, respectively,
150,000 and 90,000 times.
Watson & Crick
1953 Structure of DNA
Revealed
Jonas Salk
1954 Polio Vaccine
Golden Age of Microbiology 1857 -
1914
Pasteur
 Pasteurization
 Fermentation
Joseph Lister
 Phenol to treat surgical wounds – 1st
attempt to control infections
caused by microoganisms
Robert Koch
 Koch’s Postulates
Edward Jenner
 Vaccination
Paul Erlich
 1st synthetic drug used to treat
infections
 Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to
treat Syphilis
Recent history:
•Genetic engineering
•Cloning
•Human Genome Project
•Biotechnology
•Who knows what is next?
Sizes of Microbes
•Virus -
10 →1000 nanometers *
•Bacteria - 0.1 → 5 micrometers **
 (Human eye ) can see .1 mm (1 x 10 -3
m)
* One billionth or 1 x 10 -9 m
** One millionth or 1 x 10 -6 m
Microbes - what comes to mind?
Diseases
Infections
Epidemics
Food Spoilage
Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human
diseases
About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant
diseases
95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
Microbes Benefit Humans
 1. Bacteria are primary decomposers - recycle
nutrients back into the environment
2. Microbes produce various food products:
 cheese, pickles, green olives
 yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar, bread
Beer, Wine, Alcohol
3. Microbes are used to produce Antibiotics:
• Mold: Penicillin in 1928 by Alexander
Fleming
4. Microbial Antagonism:
•Our normal microbial flora prevents potential
pathogens from gaining access to our body
Microbes do benefit us, but they are
also capable of causing many
diseases:
Pneumonia, Whooping Cough,
Botulism, Typhoid Fever, Measles
Cholera……………
Tools of Microbiology
1.Compound light Microscope
 - live specimens
- 1,000 mag. or less
2. Electron Microscope
 - non-living specimens
 - > 1,000 X mag.
3. Incubator – keep microbes warm for growth
Techniques of Microbiology
-Staining – to better see structures
-Microbial Culture - growing the tiny beasties
•Container for microbe culture - usually Petri dish
•Culture media
•Food for the microbes
 - E.g. Agar – (from red algae)
- Others such as nutrient broths
Biological OrderedClassification
When classification schemes were first developed, all
living organisms could easily be placed in a general
category, like Kingdom Plantae or Kingdom Animalia.
General categories, such as Kingdoms still work well in
classification but they break down when some
organisms in one category have characteristics which
are similar to organisms in another category .A case in
point is the one-celled organism, Euglena, which bears
both animal and plant characteristics.
Taxonomic categories •
Depend on this classification; the
Living Organisms is divided in to 3
Domains (1978 Carl Woese)
• 1. Bacteria
•
Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall
containing peptidoglycan
• 2. Archaea
•
Unicellular prokaryotes with no
peptodoglycan in cell wall
• 3. Eukarya
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Depend on this classification, we can 
divide the Living Organisms in to 6
Kingdoms :
1. Animalia
2. Plantae
3. Fungi
4. Protista
5. Arcaebacteria
6. Eubacteria
Type of cells
1.Prokariotic cells: bacteria and blue-
green algae
2.Eukariotic cells: fungi and protozoa
3.Viruses: infective particle that need
a viable cell for their replication and
can be seen using EM
Procaryotes: relative simple morphology and lack
true membrane defined nucleus
Eucaryotes: morphologically complex with a true
membrane enclosed nucleus
viruses
Since viruses are acellular and
possess both living and
nonliving characteristics, they
are considered neither
prokaryotic nor eukaryotic. They
will be discussed in separate
section of the course
Domain: Archaea
•Prokaryotic
•Lack peptidoglycan
•Often live in extreme environments
•Not known to cause disease in humans or
animals
•Had been considered bacteria until examination
of their unique rRNA sequences.
-Includes:
–Methanogens
–Extreme halophiles
–Extreme thermophiles
Scope of Microbiology:
•Microbiology has an impact on
medicine, agriculture, food science,
ecology, genetics, biochemistry,
immunology, and many other fields.
Many microbiologists are primarily interested in
the biology of microorganisms, while others
focus on specific groups;
Virologists - viruses
Bacteriologist - bacteria
Phycologist – algae
Mycologist -fungi
Protozoologist – protozoa
Medical Microbiology:
deals with diseases of humans and animals;
identify and plan measures to eliminate agents
causing infectious diseases.
Agricultural Microbiology:
impact of microorganisms on agriculture;
combat plant diseases that attack important
food crops.
Food and Dairy Microbiology:
prevent microbial spoilage of food
& transmission of food-borne
diseases (e.g. salmonellosis); use
microorganisms to make food such
as cheeses, yogurts, pickles, beer,
etc.
Industrial Microbiology:
using microorganisms to make
products such as antibiotics,
vaccines, steroids, alcohols &
other solvents, vitamins, amino
acids, enzymes, etc.
Genetic Engineering:
Engineered microorganisms
used to make hormones,
antibiotics, vaccines and other
products.