Transcript 13.5 Cycling of Matter

13.5 Cycling of Matter
Definitions
• Hydrological cycle: pathway of water from the
atmosphere to Earth’s surface, below ground, and back.
• Biogeochemical cycle: movement of a chemical through
the biological and geological, or living and nonliving,
parts of an ecosystem
• Nitrogen fixation: process by which certain types of
bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen
compounds
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Opener
• Grab a half sheet from the front (picture- primary,
secondary, tertiary consumer)
• Have out your homework questions from the article.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
KEY CONCEPT
Matter cycles in and out of an ecosystem.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Water cycles through the environment.
• The hydrologic, or water, cycle is the circular pathway of
water on Earth.
• Organisms all have bodies made mostly of water.
precipitation
condensation
transpiration
evaporation
lake
groundwater
surface
runoff
water storage
in ocean
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Elements essential for life also cycle through
ecosystems.
• A biogeochemical cycle is the movement of a particular
chemical through the biological and geological parts of an
ecosystem.
• The main processes involved in the oxygen cycle are
photosynthesis and respiration.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
• Oxygen cycles indirectly through an ecosystem by the
cycling of other nutrients.
oxygen
photosynthesis
respiration
carbon
dioxide
13.5 Cycling of Matter
How many people?
• School : 1400
• Charleston: 348, 046
• SC 4,561,242
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Opener
• Study yesterday’s notes for a pop quiz
13.5 Cycling of Matter
• Carbon is the building block of life.
– The carbon cycle moves carbon from the atmosphere,
through the food web, and returns to the atmosphere.
– Carbon is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels.
– Some carbon is stored for long periods of time in areas
called carbon sinks.
carbon
dioxide
in air combustion
respiration
photosynthesis
respiration
decomposition
of organisms
fossil fuels
photosynthesis
carbon dioxide
dissolved in water
13.5 Cycling of Matter
• The nitrogen cycle mostly takes place underground.
– Some bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into ammonia
through a process called nitrogen fixation.
– Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in
nodules on the nitrogen in
roots of plants; atmosphere
animals
others live
freely in
the soil.
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in
decomposers
roots
ammonification
nitrogen-fixing
ammonium
bacteria in soil
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrates
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrites
denitrifying
bacteria
13.5 Cycling of Matter
– Ammonia released into the soil is transformed into
ammonium.
– Nitrifying bacteria change the ammonium into nitrate.
– Nitrogen moves through the food
web and returns nitrogen in
atmosphere
to the soil during
animals
decomposition.
plant
nitrogen-fixing
bacteria in
decomposers
roots
ammonification
nitrogen-fixing
ammonium
bacteria in soil
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrates
nitrifying
bacteria
nitrites
denitrifying
bacteria
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Definitions
• Energy pyramid: shows the distribution of energy among
trophic levels.
• Biomass: a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in
a given area.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
KEY CONCEPT
Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter
in an ecosystem.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
An energy pyramid shows the distribution of energy
among trophic levels.
• Energy pyramids compare energy used by producers
and other organisms on trophic levels.
• Between each tier of an energy
pyramid, up to 90 percent of the
energy is lost into the
atmosphere as heat.
• Only 10% of the energy at each
tier is transferred from one
trophic level to the next.
energy
lost
energy transferred
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Other pyramid models illustrate an ecosystem’s biomass
and distribution of organisms.
• Biomass is a measure of the total dry mass of organisms in
a given area.
tertiary
consumers
75 g/m2
150g/m2
secondary
consumers
primary
consumers
producers
producers
675g/m2
2000g/m2
13.5 Cycling of Matter
• A pyramid of numbers shows the numbers of individual
organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem.
tertiary
consumers
5
secondary
consumers
5000
primary
consumers
500,000
producers
producers
5,000,000
• A vast number of producers are required to support even a
few top level consumers.
13.5 Cycling of Matter
Homework
Pg 423 1-10,13, 15, 17, 18-21, 39