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Pawitra Pulbutr
M.Sc. In Pharm (Pharmacology)
วัตถุประสงค์เชิงพฤติกรรม
• มีความเข้าใจและอธิบายถึงกลไกการออกฤทธิ์และความเป็ นพิษของสารเคมีท่เี ป็ น
Antiseptics และ Disinfectants
• มีความเข้าใจและอธิบายถึงข้อดีและข้อเสียของสารเคมีท่เี ป็ น Antiseptics และ
Disinfectants
WORDS
Sterilization การทาให้ปลอดเชื้อ
• destroy microorganism including spores
Disinfection การทาลายการติดเชื้อ
• reduce or eradicate microorganism
Disinfectants
• chemicals that inhibit or kill micoorganism
• use with non-living surface
Antiseptics
• chemicals that inhibit or kill microorganism
• less toxic
• use with living surface
Properties of good antiseptics &
disinfectants
• active to all microorganisms
• rapid & long action
• water soluble & stable
• tolerate to soap & organic material
• non-toxic
• less systemic absorption, non-allergenic
• well penetrate
• no colored, good smell
• cheap
NO antiseptics & disinfectants!!
Alcohol
• rapid evaporation…no residual action
• can not penetrate organic material
• may cause irritation & dryness
• USE
• antiseptic before injection
• disinfectants
Chlorhexidine
• has residual action
• tolerated to organic material
• destroy by anionic & non-ionic surfactants
• less irritation to skin
• USE
• chlorhexidine digluconate 2%, 4%
• pre-operation … skin cleaning
• infant bathing
Halogen
• iodine
• chlorine
• oxidize sulhydryl (SH) into S-S
• denature protein
• protein dysfunction & precipitation
Iodine
• active to bacteria, fungi, protozoa, virus ,
spore
• tincture of iodine USP
• 2% iodine + 2.4 % sodium iodide in alc.
• Most potent antiseptics
• irritation & hypersensitivity
Iodophor
• cpx of iodine + surface active agents
• iodine + polyvinyl pyrrolidine
• = povidone iodine (betadine®)
• as active as iodine
• less irritation & hypersensitivity
• not staining
• USE
• wound antiseptic
Chlorine
• water soluble into hypochlorus, HOCL
• active to bacteria, virus, protozoa, fungi,
spore
• destroy by organic material
Chlorophor..slow release HOCL
• sodium hypochlorite
• chloramine
Phenol
Phenolic compounds
• toxic….NO longer use
• carcinogenesis
• hyperbilirubinemia in neonates
Phenolic agents
• o-phenylphenol, o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, ptertiary amylphenol
• mixture of phenolic derivative
• cresol, xylenol
Phenolic compounds
• cell membrane / cell wall disturbance
• precipitation of protein
• inactivate enz.
• Active to bacteria, fungi, virus
• No effect to spore
• USE
• disinfectants to hard surface..in lab/ hospital
• not use in nursery…hyperbilirubinemia
Hexachlorophene
• active to most gm+ bacteria
• hexachlorophene 3% in soap
• USE
• antiseptic in pre-operation
• infant bathing ….
• May accumulate..cause heart & brain
abnormal
•...cerebral edema , convulsion in
premature infants
Quaternary ammonium compound
• cationic surface active detergents
• benzalkonium chloride
• cetylpyridine chloride
• benzethonium chloride
• inactivate enzyme
• denaturation of protein
• active to bacteria(+), fungi, lipophillic
virus
• sporistatic
Aldehydes
• formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde
• alkylation protein / nucleic acid
• active to bacteria, fungi, virus, spore
• USE
• disinfectants in medical equipments
Hydrogen peroxide
Release hydroxyl radical …cell membrane disturbance
• hydrogen peroxide 3% & 6%
• USE
• disinfectants…respirator, soft contact lenses
• wound antiseptics…catalase/ peroxidase...O2 gas + H2O
• vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP)
• USE
• gaseous sterilant…less toxic than ethylene oxide,
formaldehyde
Mercury salts
• thiomerosal (merthiolate)
• thiomerosal 0.001-0.004%…preservative in
vaccine
• tincture merthiolate 0.1%…pre-operation
antiseptics
• merbromin (mercurochrome) ยาแดง
Silver salts
• silver nitrate
• used as eye drop to prevent
gonococcal ophthalmitis in
newborns
• silver sulfadiazine
• burn wound