Transcript What is soap?

CHEMICAL FOR
CONSUMERS
2014
What is soap?
A SOAP is the sodium or
Potassium salt formed when a
Fatty acid that contains 12 to 18
carbon atoms per molecule is
neutralized by an alkali
What is general formula for soap?
The general formula of
soap is RCOO – Na + or R
COO – K + where R is an
alkyl group containing 12 to
18 carbon atoms.
R can be saturated or
unsaturated hydrocarbons
iii)State two examples of soap
• Sodium palmitate
• Potassium stearate
What is saponification?
SAPONIFICATION is a
process involves boiling fats
or oils with concentrated
sodium hydroxide
solution or concentrated
potassium hydroxide solution
Explain the preparation of soap as
shown in the diagram
• Oil or fat is boiled with
concentrated sodium
hydroxide to produce
glycerol and soap
What is detergent?
DETERGENT is the salt
formed when an alkyl
hydrogen sulphate is
neutralized by an alkali
The general formula of
detergents are
where R represent a
Long-chain hydrocarbon
State two examples of detergent
• Sodium alkyl sulphate
• Sodium alkyl benzene
sulphonate
How is detergent prepared?
• A long chain hydrocarbon
obtained from petroleum
fractions is converted into
organic acid.
• The organic acid is neutralise
with NaOH to form detergent.
QUESTION 3
Describe the cleansing action of
soap or detergent.
a) State 3 abilities of both soap
and detergent that enable them
to act as cleansing agents
i. Ability to lower the surface
tension of water
ii. To emulsify oil or grease,
and break them into smaller
droplets
iii. To hold them in suspension
in water, so that they do not
redeposit on the surface of the
cloth
STRUCTURE OF SOAP PARTICLE
•the organic part
•the hydrophobic
part
•the tail part
•the ionic part
•the hydrophilic
part
• the head part
• Which part is soluble in water?
Defend your answer
B part
because
it is ionic part
• Which part is soluble in grease?
Defend your answer
A part
because it is covalent
part
•Redraw the structure above so that
it may look like a tadpole
STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE
STRUCTURE OF DETERGENT PARTICLE
•the ionic part
•the organic part
•the hydrophilic
•the hydrophobic part
part
•the tail part
• the head part
• Which part is soluble in water?
Defend your answer
B part
because it is ionic part
• Which part is soluble in grease?
Defend your answer
A part
because it is covalent
part
•Redraw the structure above so that
it may look like a tadpole
HOW SOAP /DETERGENT REMOVES DIRT
Describe the cleansing action of soap
and detergent
Soap dissolves in
water and lowers…
Surface
tension
……………………
of water. This helps to
wet
………………the
cloth
better
–The hydrophobic
part ( tail part)
dissolves
Grease(dirt)
in……………………,
the hydrophilic
part ( head part)
dissolves in water
•
Movement
of
water
c)…………………………………
during scrubbing helps
to loosen the grease
and lift off the surface .
, and also break the
grease into
Small droplet
…………………………..
•
d)The droplets do not
coagulate and redeposit
on the surface of the
cloth because
repulsion
……………………….
between
the negative charges on
the surface.
• These droplets are
suspended in water,
forming
emulsion
……………………………….or
smaller droplets.
Rinsing
• …………………………….
washes away these
droplets and leaves
the surface clean
d)Compare and contrast the cleansing
action of soap and detergents
Propert
Soap
Detergent
y
1 sources Made from Made
animal
……………… from
petroleum
or
plant
……………… fractions
Proper
Soap
ty
2 Molecu R – COO –
lar
Na +
structur Where R is
e
Alkyl
group
……………
Detergent
R SO4 – or
Property
3 Effective
ness in
hard
water
Soap
Forms
Detergent
Does not
form
SCUM
scum
…………………
with
with hard
hard
water
water
Property
4 Effectiv
eness
in
acidic
water
Soap
Forms
INSOLUBLE
FATTY ACID
…………….
with acidic
water
Detergent
Does not
form
precipit
ate with
acidic
water
5
Property
Cleaning
power
Detergent
Soap
Less
MORE
powerful ……………
powerful
Property
Soap
Detergent
6 Effect Biodegrad Some
to the able and detergents
environ do not are non
ment cause any biodegrada
ble and
POLLUTION kill
……………
aquatic
lives
What does hard water contains?
• Hard water contains
2+
calcium ion, Ca or
2+.
magnesium ion, Mg
Why do soaps form scum with
hard water?
• Soap reacts with calcium
ion, Ca2+ or magnesium ion,
2+
Mg in hard water to form
insoluble salt, called scum
Why is soap not effective in hard
water?
• Because formation of scum
reduce the amount of soap for
cleaning and thus wastage of
soap occur.
Why is detergent more effective than
soap in hard water?
• Detergent form soluble salt with
calcium ion, Ca2+ or
2+
magnesium ion, Mg in hard
water.
• Therefore the cleaning power is
not affected by hard water.
Below are some additives in detergents.
Fill in missing words
Additives
1 Drying agents (
such as sodium
sulphate,
sodium silicate)
Functions
to keep the
powder……
DRY
………….
Additives
2
Function
s
Builders ( such
soften
as Sodium
……………
triphosphate) water.
Additives
3 Biological
enzymes(
such as
amylase,
lipase)
Functions
to digest
PROTEIN, FAT OR
CARBOHYDRATE
in dirt or to
modify fabric
feel
Additives Functions
4
Such as
sodium
perborate
Convert
stains into
colourless
…………………
substances
Additives Functions
5 Perfumes Make clothes
smell
fresh
……………. And
clean
Additives
6.
Stabilizers
Functions
Prevent
formation of
( such as
silicones)
foam
………………
FOOD……..
FOOD ADDITIVES
TYPES OF
FOOD ADDITIVES
AND
FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION
1) IMPROVED
COLOUR OF FOOD
TO MAKE IT MORE
ATTRACTIVE
2) SLOW DOWN
SPOILING OF FOOD
CAUSED BY GROWTH
FUNGI OR
MICROORGANISMS
TYPE
DYES
PRESER
VATIVES
FUNCTION
TYPE
3) ENHANCE THE
NATURAL FLAVOUR FLAVOURING
OF FOOD
AGENTS
4) PREVENT
OXIDATION OF FATS ANTI
AND OILS SO THAT OXIDANTS
FOOD DO NOT
BECOME RANCID
FUNCTION
5) IMPROVE
APPEARANCE OF
FOOD AND GIVE
FOOD A FIRM
TEXTURE
TYPE
STABILIZERS
AND
THICKENING
TYPES OF
FOOD ADDITIVES
AND EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
1) AZO
COMPOUNDS
2) SODIUM
NITRITE,
SODIUM
BENZOATE
TYPE
DYES
PRESER
VATIVES
EXAMPLES
TYPE
3) MONO SODIUM FLAVOURING
GLUTAMATE (MSG) AGENTS
4) ASCORBIC ACID ANTI
OXIDANTS
(VITAMIN C)
5) ACACIA GUM
STABILIZERS &
THICKENING
AGENTS
TRADITIONAL MEDICINES
Traditional Uses
medicine
Aloe vera Relieve pain from
burns / treat skin
wounds
Betel
Relieve sore eyes /
leaves
stop bleeding nose
(sireh)
Traditional Uses
medicine
Turmeric Cure pimples
(kunyit)
Ginger Improve blood
circulation
Traditional
medicine
Uses
Bitter
gourd
(peria)
Control diabetes
Traditional
medicine
Uses
Papaya The skin of the papaya is a first
class external treatment for
skin wounds.
Papaya contains arginine
which is known to be essential
for male fertility and also;
Papain, an enzyme thought to
be good for the heart
TRADITIONAL USES
MEDICINES
Dragon fruit
Fight cancer
Lemon •To add brightness to
your hair, use a lemon
rinse
•For a sore throat, mix
some lemon juice and
honey with boiled water;
either gargle or drink this
folk potion.
Lemon •Try to soften rough elbows by
rubbing the region with the cut
side of lemon.
•To help whiten and strengthen
the fingernails, rub regularly
with a lemon peel
Garlic • Lower total cholesterol
•Lower blood pressure
•Reduce the risk of blood clots
(that responsible for most heart
attacks and strokes)
•Destroy infection causing viruses
and bacteria
•Reduce the risk of certain
cancers, in particular stomach
cancers
TRADITIONAL
MEDICINES
USES
Onions
Reduce the total
cholesterol level
Reduce the risks of
diabetes
MODERN MEDICINES
a) What is modern medicine?
Medicines that are made by
scientists in the laboratory
1. ANALGESICS
FUNCTIONS:
Relieves pain without affecting
consciousness
1. ANALGESICS
EXAMPLES:
ASPIRIN – for inflammation such
as arthritic pain and dental pain.
The active ingredient is
Acetylsalicylic acid.
1. ANALGESICS
The structure is:
COOH
O
CH3
C
O
1. ANALGESICS - EXAMPLES
CODEINE – used in headache
tablets and cough medicines
PARACETAMOL – relieves
moderate pain
2. ANTIBIOTICS
FUNCTIONS:
Kill or inhibit growth of infectious
bacteria
2. ANTIBIOTICS
EXAMPLES:
PENICILIN – to kill bacteria that
cause tuberculosis (TB) and
pneumonia
STREPTOMYCIN – used to treat
whooping cough and pneumonia
3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
FUNCTIONS:
Control symptoms of mental
illness
EXAMPLES:
STIMULANTS – to reduce fatigue
and elevate mood e.g.
Amphetamine
3. PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
ANTIDEPRESSANT – to reduce
tension and anxiety e.g.
Tranquilisers and barbiturates
ANTIPSYCHOTIC – to treat
psychiatric illness such as
schizophrenia e.g. clozapine
WHY SHOULD YOU TAKE FULL COURSE
OF ANTIBIOTICS?
•To ensure all the bacteria are killed
•the bacteria may become more
resistant to the antibiotic.
•When this happens, the antibiotic is
no longer effective.
•a different and stronger antibiotic to
fight the same infection is needed
SIDE EFFECTS OF
MEDICINES
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
Analgesics Aspirin Cause internal
bleeding
Cause brain and
liver damage if
given to children
Paracet Cause liver damage
amol if taken for a long
time
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINES NES
Codein May cause
e
addiction over a
long period of time
Antibiotics
Headache, allergic
reaction and
diarrhea
TYPES OF MEDICI SIDE EFFECTS
MEDICINE NES
S
Psychoth
High dose may
eracause depression,
peutic
coma, death ,rapid
medicine
heartbeat and
dizziness
END