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Ecology: Ecosystems Energy Flow Water and Nutrient Cycling Ecosystem Resources Energy: one way flow from sun to organisms and loss as heat (yellow, red arrows) Nutrients: move in cycles involving organisms and the environment (purple arrows) Producers Capture the Sun’s Energy and Accumulate Inorganic Nutrients Energy Transfer and Loss Heat Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer Heat Chemicals Heat Detritus Feeders Consumers Gain Energy as Organic Molecules from Producers Herbivore Eats Producers Food Chains Carnivore Eats Primary Consumers Carnivore Eats Secondary Consumers 3 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 2 •Shows interconnected food chains •Trophic Levels 3 3 Food Web 1) producer 2) primary consumer 2 3) secondary consumer 3 4) tertiary consumer Efficiency of Energy Transfer ~10% of calories to next trophic level Concentration of Contaminants at Higher Levels of Food Chains 0.005 ppm DDT 0.00003 ppm DDT 0.01 ppm DDT 10 ppm DDT Detritus Feeders and Decomposers Release Nutrients for Reuse detritus feeders and decomposers Animals and Protists that feed on plant and animal remains Fungi and Bacteria that break down decaying material Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Producer Which level best represents: A. a palm tree? B. a bird eating seeds? C. a student consuming a beefsteak? Animal cells produce proteins and nucleic acids The Nitrogen Cycle Plants and animals die and begin to decay Ammonification Plants are eaten by animals Ammonium is converted to nucleic acids and proteins Soil bacteria release nitrogen from decaying matter Nitrification Assimilation Nitrate is taken up by plants and converted to ammonium Ammonia is converted to nitrites or nitrates Denitrification Nitrogen Fixation N2 gas becomes ammonia or ammonium Nitrate is broken down to produce N2 gas The Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Nitrogen in in Atmosphere Atmosphere Reservoir Reservoir Producers Uptake Dentitrifying by bacteria plants Electrical storms produce nitrate Consumers Wastes, Dead bodies Nitrogen-fixing Soil bacteria and detritus feeders bacteria in legume roots Ammonia and soil & nitrate Reservoirs Processes/ Locations Trophic Levels/ Organisms The Carbon Cycle CO22 in atmosphere (reservoir) Burning of Fire CO2 dissolved fossil fuels Respiration in ocean (reservoir) Reservoirs Processes/ Locations Photosynthesis Consumers Producers Wastes, SoilDead bacteria & bodies detritus feeders Trophic Levels/ Organisms Global Warming Parallels CO2 Increases Greenhouse Gases Contribute to Global Warming CFCs Contribute to the Formation of a Hole in the Protective Ozone Layer South America Antarctica The “hole” Water vapor in atmosphere The Water Cycle Evaporation from landEvaporation & from transpiration ocean Alternates Precipitation from plants between Precipitation over ocean over land Evaporation and Precipitation Water in ocean Surface Reservoirs (reservoir) runoff Processes/ Groundwater Locations seepage Water Carrying Industrial Pollutants Can Become Acid Rain Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Ammonification Assimilation Denitrification Nitrification Nitrogen Fixation Which term describes: A. uptake of nitrogen-containing compounds by plants? B. conversion of nitrogen gas to nitrates? C. release of nitrogen gas from nitrates? Applying Your Knowledge 1. 2. 3. 4. Water Cycle Food Chain Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Which process is related to: A. concentration of toxic minerals in animal tissues? B. global warming? C. acid rain?