Transcript Classification of Living Things

Of Living Things
Part 2: A brief overview of the current
classification system through the 5 kingdoms
Kingdom Monera
•Otherwise known as Bacteria.
•All bacteria are single celled and are known as prokaryotes.
•They are the only kingdom that do not have a membrane
bound nucleus.
•They have a cell wall.
•There are more than 5,000 different kinds of bacteria, and
are thought to be the first living things on Earth more than
3500 million years ago.
•They can live successfully in areas where other living things
cannot, such as in very salty places, or places without light.
•Only a few bacteria cause disease, many are a necessary
part to life on earth as they can decompose dead matter.
•They consist of two main groups, Cyanobacteria and
Eubacteria.
Kingdom Monera
Cyanobacteria
•Photosynthesizing
bacteria
•Don’t have flagella
or cilia
•Eg. Stromotolites
Eubacteria
•‘True’ bacteria
•Detrivors/parasites
•Can cause disease but
we can immunize or
take preventative
measures such as good
hygiene to avoid them
•Used to make yogurt
and cheeses
Kingdom Monera
Bacillus megabacterium live in soil
and are large - as their name
suggests! They excrete valuable
chemicals into the soil. X7,400
Some flagellated bacteria.
Their shape gives them
the name bacilli
Circular bacteria
are called cocci.
Kingdom Protista
•These organisms are composed of one or more
eukaryotic cells.
•They lack the features, or have a mixture of features
that make up plants, animals or fungi.
•They live in, around or near water.
•They can be divided into three main groups, Protozoa;
Algae and Others. Zoologists once classified protozoa
as animals and botanists once classed algae as plants.
•Animals may have evolved from protozoa and plant
cells may have evolved from algae. The name
‘protozoa’ means ‘first animals’
Kingdom Protista
Protozoa
Algae
Others
•Animal like (‘zoa’
means ‘zoo’)
•Can have
chloroplasts
•Chloroplasts
•All single celled
•All have plastids
•Some have flagella
•Cell walls
•No cell wall
•Eg. Spirogyra and
phytoplankton
•No chloroplasts
•Some cause
disease, but most
are harmless
•Eg. Amoeba and
paramecium
•Can be
autotroph or
heterotroph
•No cell wall
•Eg. Euglena and
slime molds
Kingdom Protista
Protozoa
Paramecium is a single celled animal that
moves through the water by waving its
cilia. They live in lakes, oceans and rivers.
x650
Kingdom Protista
Protozoa
Pseudopods
Amoeba proteus
•moves via the extention and
contraction of a pseudopod
•live in moist soil or watery
environment
•up to 600µm in length
•single nucleus
Amoeba is
engulfing
its dinner
•carnivore - feeds on bacteria
and other protists by
engulfing them
•not so common in nature,
more popular in the lab!
Kingdom Protista
Algae
Spirogyra
•consists of fine hair like strands
•lives in quiet waters or shorelines
•chloroplasts for photosynthesis
•can reproduce sexually or
asexually
Kingdom Protista
Euglena x20 E.acus
•found in ponds, pools,
puddles and birdbaths
•40µm
•chloroplasts
•flagella
•red eye spot
•reproduce by fission like
those here
•can be red also - E.rubra
Eye spots
Kingdom Fungi
•Most fungi are multicellular like mushrooms,
but some can be unicellular like yeast.
•Most have cell walls made of chitin.
•They develop from spores produced by a
single parent.
•There are 4 main groups; oomycota or water
molds, basidiomycota, ascomycota and
zygomycota.
Kingdom Fungi
Oomycota
•Watermolds
•Live in soils
•Eg. Potatoe
blight
Basidiomycota
Ascomycota
•Largest and
most well
known
•Blue green
mold on
bread
•Eg.
Mushrooms
and bracket
fungi
•Eg. Yeast
Zygomycota
•Eg. Black
bread
molds
Budding
scar
Kingdom Fungi
•Phylum Ascomycota
•Yeast is used in making
wine, beer and bread.
•These fungal
microorganisms digest
sugar and excrete alcohol.
•The yeast on the bottom is
making a copy of itself by
budding. This is a form of
asexual reproduction. You
can see budding ‘scars’ on
the other yeasts.
X10,000
Budding yeast
Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Ascomycota. Genus
Penicillin
•Grows on bread or fruit this one is growing on an
apple.
•Most moldy food is
undesirable, but some, like
Roquefort cheese are
ripened and given their
characteristic flavours and
textures by fungi
(P.roquefortii).
Kingdom Fungi
•Phylum Ascomycota
•Pale bread mold.
•The drug penicillin is
made from this fungus.
It stops infections in
people by preventing
bacteria from clinging
to cell walls.
X1,600
Kingdom Fungi
Spores being expelled
from fungi
•Phylum Zygomycota
Genus Aspergillus.
•Grows on breads and
nuts.
•Mycelia are white or
yellow with black
spores.
Mycelia
Earth-star, or
Geastrum
indicum. Young
specimen on
the right.
When mature
they open
outer layer to
reveal thinskinned spore
containing sac.
Kingdom Fungi
Phlebopus marginatus, is one of
the largest. Can be 1m in
diameter. Western Victoria
records heaviest at 29kg. Have
olive-brown spores.
Mycena
sanguinolenta
gets its name
from the
blood-red juice
it excretes
from the
slender stems
when they are
broken.
Stereum
rugosum, is a
bracket fungus
and can usually
be found on
dead trees.
Phylum Basidiomycota
Which two kingdoms can
you see living here?
•Bacteria and fungi will
live almost anywhere.
Here they live together
on a kitchen sponge.
Which is which?
•The bacteria look like
round ‘blobs’ and the
fungi look like ‘threads’
X1,000
Kingdom Plantae
Phaeophyta
•Brown algae
•No true roots, instead
has a holdfast
•No true leaves but
instead has blade
Spermopsida
•Plants with
seeds
Bryophyta
Tracheophyta
•Mosses and
liverworts
•Vascular plants
with a xylem and
phloem
•Small and grow in
damp places
•Have adapted to
living on land
Pteropsida
•Ferns
•Spores (under leaves)
instead of seeds
•Appear early in fossil
record
•Have true roots, stems,
leaves
Coniferophyta
(gymnospermsnaked seeds)
•Needle like leaves
•Very tall
•Can live in dry climates
•No flowers or fruit
•Eg. Pine trees
Monocotyledons
•Thin parallel veins in
leaves
Magnoliophyta
(angiosperms-flowering plants)
•Most abundant group. Make up 6x all
other plants
•Highly adaptive to many
environments; deserts, alpine regions,
salt marches
•Important to humans from eating
their fruit to making cotton
garments.
Dicotyledons
•Leaf veins networked
•2 embryonic leaves
•1 embryonic leaf
•Usually larger than monocots
•Eg. Grasses, bulbs
•Eg. Most trees
Kingdom Animalia Porifera
•Eg. Sponges
•Mostly marine
Phylum
Annelida
Nematoda
Mollusca
•Eg. Earth worms
and leeches
•Eg.
Roundworms
•Segmented
bodies
•Mouth and
anus
•Eg. Snails,
mussels, clams,
octopus
•True gut
•Parasitic elephantitis
•No true
organs
•Circulatory
system
Cnidaria
•Soft body,
hard shell
Vertebrata/
Chordata
•Eg. Humans
•Have a
spinal cord
•Well developed
nervous system
Platyhelminthes
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
•Eg. Coral,
jelly fish,
sea
anemones
•Eg. Tape worms
•Eg. Insects,
spiders,
crustaceans
•Eg. Sea stars
•Sting prey
with
tenticles
•Only a mouth, no
anus
•Parasitic, flat
shape
•Exoskeleton
•Jointed
appendages
•Spiney skin
•Penta-radial
symmetry
•Mouth in
middle of body
Kingdom Animalia Porifera
Annelida
Cnidaria
Nematoda
Class Arthropod
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Platyhelminthes
Vertebrata/
Chordata
Arthropoda
Arachnida
Insecta
Crustcea
Chilopoda
Diplopoda
•Spiders,
scorpions,
ticks, mites
•Pupa/cocoon
•Crayfish,
lobsters, crabs,
shrimps
•Centipedes
•Millipedes
•Carnivorous
•Feed on
decaying matter
•Predators and
parasites
•1x106 species
•Head-one pair
of antennae
•Thorax-three
•4 pairs of legs pairs of legs and
wings
•2 pairs of
feeding parts
•Abdomen
•Usually aquatic
•2 pairs
antennae
•3 pairs feeding
appendages
•Exoskeleton
•Single pair
of legs per
segment
•Double pair of
legs per
segment
Kingdom Animalia
Porifera
Annelida
Cnidaria
- Class Vertebrata/Chrodata
Nematoda
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Vertebrata/ Chordata
Angatha
•Jawless
fish
•Lampreys
Chondrich
-thyes
Osteich
-thyes
•Jaws
•Lays eggs
•Cartilage
•Boney
skeleton
•Cartilage •Give birth to
•Most fish
live young
eg. Salmon
•Sharks, rays
eels
Monotremes
•Egg laying – eg. platypus
Amphibia
•No scales
Reptilia
•Scales
•Gills when •Exothermic
young,
•Crocodiles,
lungs when
turtles,
adult
lizards
•Frogs,
salamander
Marsupials
•Pouches – eg. Kangeroo,
possum, koala
Aves
Mammalia
•Feathers
•Hair
•Wings
•Suckle young
•Homeoth •Homeotherms
ermic •Humans, bats,
•Birds, whales,rodents
etc.
penguins
Placentals
•Suckle via
Placenta
It is important to note that the
following cannot be added to this
classification system of living things
• Viruses
• Viroids
• Prions
•Why can’t we class these things as living?
Viruses
•Viruses are not classed as living because they are not cells or are
not made up of cells.
•Even though they contain genetic material - nucleic acids in the
form of DNA or RNA (stored in a protein coat), they cannot
reproduce on their own without a host. It is their host that
reproduces them.
•They do not have organelles to be able to generate energy for
metabolism.
•In humans they are responsible for diseases such as measles,
mumps, smallpox, yellow fever, warts, cold sores and hepatitis.
•In animals they cause foot and mouth disease, and rabies.
•In plants they attack tobacco, tomatoes. They can even infect
bacteria..
Some Different Viruses
•The adenovirus causes
respiratory tract infections
in animals.
10nm
•Tobacco mosaic stunts the
growth of tobacco plants and
produces a mottled (mosaic)
pattern on the leaves.
•It has 252 identical proteins
that make up its polyhedral
capsid. At each vertex is a
protein spike.
•It has a helical capsid (coat)
made of thousands of molecules
of a single type of protein.
•Its overall shape has a rigid,
rod like appearance.
50nm
Some More Viruses
•One of the most complex
viruses is the one that infects
bacteria, such as this
bacteriophage.
25nm
•We are all familiar with
the influenza virus!
•This virus has a
membranous envelope
that is partly made from
the hosts cell membrane.
This makes it more
infectious to the host.
•It has a polyhedral head that
contains the DNA.
•The tail fiber attaches to the
bacteria and the DNA is
injected into the bacterial cell.
50nm
Virons
• Virons are tiny molecules of RNA that don’t have a
protein coat like viruses.
• They are much smaller than viruses, (no photos!)
• They cause errors in the regulatory systems that
control the genes of the cell.
• They are associated with diseases that cause
abnormalities in development such as stunted
growth in plants.
Prions
•Prions are proteins that
manage to reproduce
themselves in their host.
•The proteins are
abnormally folded and then
have the ability to infect
other proteins.
•They have no genetic
material in them.
•They attack the brain
causing small holes. Humans
and animals alike suffer
dizziness, nausia and
seizures which eventually
lead to death.
•Examples include ‘mad cow’
disease in humans.
A.
B.
A - Prion protein in its normal folding
configuration.
B - The proposed configuration of
the protein that can cause infection.
The bacteria E.coli being infected with the
virus bacteriophage.
E.coli
(has just
divided
into two)
____
1µm ______
bacteriophage
The End!