Transcript SISTEM PENCERNAAN UNGGAS

SISTEM PENCERNAAN NON RUMINASIA
IRFAN DJUNAIDI,
FAC. ANIMAL SCIENCE,
BRAWIJAYA UNIVERSITY
Poultry/Avian Digestion Tract
Rongga Mulut
• Fungsi gigi diganti oleh paruh (defisiensi
metionin menyebabkan kanibalisme)
• Dilengkapi lidah (seperti anak panah) untuk
membantu menarik pakan ke esophagus
• Alat (titik)perasa sangat sedikit, sehingga kurang
selektif
Jumlah Alat (titik) Perasa pada Ternak
Hewan
Avian
Ayam
Burung dara
Puyuh
Itik
Mamalia
Kucing
Manusia
Babi
Kelinci
Sapi
Jumlah
24
37
62
200
473
9 000
15 000
17 000
25 000
• Kelenjar saliva pada unggas hanya
menghasilkan mucus (lubrikasi) dan tidak
menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 7 –
30 cc/ hari
• Pada mamalia, selain sebagai mucus juga
menghasilkan amilase. Produksi saliva : 15 –
20 liter/hari
Oesophagus
• Terjadi penonjolan : Crop /tembolok , dengan
fungsi sebagai penampung pakan sementara,
hidrolysis KH oleh lactobacilli.
• pH : 4,5
• Broiler : crop kurang berperan karena bisa
membentuk divertikulum untuk mengatur arus
pakan
• Layer : crop penting untuk kalsifikasi telur , dan
pakan sebagai sumber Ca.
Lambung
Proventrikulus, pH =4,4
Menghasilkan getah lambung :lendir, HCl &
Pepsinogen
Protein
Peptida
Ventrikulus / empedal, pH : 2,6
Membantu pencernaan mekanik
Koilin + HCl
gizzard teeth
Usus Kecil
• Duodenum, pH : 5,7 – 6,5
Mensekresi : - enteropeptidase
- Pancreozymin & Secretin
Pankreas mensekresi enzim
Pankreas
 endokrin
 eksokrin

Hormon insulin
Getah pencernaan
Getah pencernaan pankreas
Amilase
Lipase
Protease
HCl
Pepsinogen
pepsin
Tripsinogen enteropeptidase tripsin
Chymotripsinogen tripsin chymotripsin
Bicarbonat
 Jejenum & Ileum
 Disakarida
Sukrosa
 Aminopeptidase
 Dipeptidase
 Esterase
Ester
Glukosa
Fruktosa
Peptida
AA
Asam lemak
monogliserida
Macam enzim, substrat, produk akhir pada tiap bagian alat pencernaan
unggas (Ensminger et al.,, 1990)
Organ
Proventrikulus
Enzim
Substrat
Produk akhir
pepsin
protein
lipase
lemak
proteose,
polipeptida
peptida
asam lemak dan gliserol
Duodenum /
Pankreas
amylopsin pankreas
streapsin pankreas
trypsin
kimotripsin
kolagenase
karboksipeptidase
pati, dekstrin
lemak
protein, proteose,
pepton
kolagen
peptida
maltose, dekstrin
asam lemak dan gliserol
peptida, asam amino,
pepton
peptida
asam amino dan peptida
Usus halus
peptidase
sukrase
maltase
laktase
peptida
sukrosa
maltosa
laktosa
asam amino dan peptida
glukosa dan fruktosa
glukosa
glukosa dan galaktosa
dan
 Hati
 Mensekresi empedu
 Memetabolisme protein, KH & lemak




Tempat penyimpanan beberapa vitamin
Detoksikasi zat yg berbahaya bagi tubuh
Destruksi sel-sel darah merah
Pembentukan protein darah
• Usus besar
Caecum, Colon & Cloaka. pH = 5,7 – 6,5
Pertumbuhan Usus Halus
Yang Optimum
Pertumbuhan Optimum :
2 -12 hari pasca menetas
Diameter & panjang:
berkembang sampai 14 hari
Kedalaman & jumlah kripta :
berkembang sampai 12 hari
Villi duodenum :
berkembang sampai 4 hari
Villi jejunum & ileum villi :
berkembang sampai 10 hari
7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler
Selama 7 hari pasca menetas, ayam akan
mengembangkan organ-organ internal:
1. Paru-paru (oksigen),
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ampela (menghancurkan makanan),
Hati (untuk pencernaan dan lainnya),
Pankreas (enzim),
Usus (absorpsi/penyerapan) dan
Organ-organ system kekebalan
(thymus, bursa and limpa/spleen).
7 Hari Pertama Pada Broiler
• Perkembangan saluran pencernaan / GIT lebih cepat
dari pada organ-organ lain seperti tulang, dada, otot
kaki dan bulu
• Ayam mempersiapkan kerangka
pertumbuhan selanjutnya.
tubuh
• Mempengaruhi performans ayam secara
keseluruhan, perlu hati2 dalam treatment dan
perlakuan
untuk
Swine Digestion Tract
• The digestive capacity of the pig increases
with age. Neonates and lactating piglets
depend on a well-developed gastric ability to
effectively clot milk.
• During the first few weeks of life, both the
small intestine and pancreas grow and
develop, to prepares piglet for weaning.
• The large intestine matures slower; this
explains why the pig tends to digest fibrous
feeds better in direct relation to its age.
KAPASITAS ALAT PENCERNAAN HEWAN (LITER)
Alat
Pencernaan
Manusia
Babi
Kuda
Domba
Sapi
BB, kg
Retikulo
rumen
Omasum
Lambung
Total
Usus kecil
Sekum
Usus besar
Total
75
90
450
80
17
575
1
1
4
1
6
8
8
9
1
9
27
8
8
27
14
41
90
1
2
20
6
1
3
30
125
20
15
160
65
10
25
260
KAPASITAS RELATIF SALURAN PENCERNAAN (%)
Alat
Pencernaan
Perut
Retikulo
Rumen
Omasum
Lambung
Manusia
Babi
Kuda
Anjing
Sapi
17
-
29
8
62
70
2
57
5
6
Usus kecil
Sekum
Usus besar
66
17
33
6
32
30
16
46
24
1
13
19
3
8
Total
100
100
100
100
100
Alat Pencernaan Kuda
• In the horse both the caecum and the colon
are enlarged. As in the rumen, the large
cellulose molecules are broken down to
smaller molecules that can be absorbed.
Alat Pencernaan Kelinci
• The caecum in the rabbit, rat and guinea pig is
greatly enlarged to provide a “fermentation
vat” for micro-organisms to break down the
cellulose plant cell walls. This is called a
functional caecum.
• However, the position of the functional
caecum after the main areas of digestion and
absorption, means it is potentially less
effective than the rumen.
• The rabbit (and rodents) solve this problem
by eating their own faeces so that they pass
through the gut a second time and the
products of cellulose digestion can be
absorbed in the small intestine.
• Rabbits produce two kinds of faeces. Softer
night-time faeces are eaten directly from the
anus and the harder pellets, that have passed
through the gut twice.
COPROPHAGY / CAECOTROPHY
• This is the eating of faecal-like pellets produced in the caecum. These
caecal pellets are sometimes called soft faeces. To do this, the rabbit sucks
in the soft faeces as they emerge from the anus, then swallow without
chewing.
• Consumption of the soft faeces starts when the rabbit is about 4 weeks
old. Note that rabbit can survive without practicing caecotrophy for many
days but death is usual if they are prevented from eating their soft faeces
for several months.
• Soft faeces are higher in crude protein and lower in crude fibre than hard
faeces. Their higher protein level is due to their content of bacteria.
• Caecotrophy is a very important part of the rabbit’s digestive processes. It
recycles some unabsorbed nutrients as well as returning protein and
vitamin B rich bacteria for enzyme digestion in the small intestine.
FIBRE!
• In the wild, rabbits mainly eat grass
– with a few leaves, vegetable matter and occasionally bits of twig & bark
• Rabbits have a digestive system perfectly developed for eating fibre, such
as grass
• Pet rabbits rely on their owners feeding them a diet that mimics what they
would eat in the wild
• Their digestive system relies on:
– A very delicate balance of bacteria
– Fibre moving through their gut at all times
• If levels of bacteria change
– Health problems such as diarrhoea and sticky bottom occur
• If movement of fibre through the gut stops
– This can quickly be a cause of death
Others function of fibre for animal
•Stimulating intestine peristaltic
•Improving enzyme secretion
•Make Feed smooth and & palatable
•Improving solubility of Vit B12 & K
Rabbits are prey animals
• Grass is not rich in nutrients but rabbits have evolved to be able to digest
grass and fibre to extract all the nutrients they need
• Cows are big animals that also eat grass and so have developed massive
stomachs (80 litres big) and a rumination process to digest grass and
nutrients.
• Rabbits however, are prey animals who have many predators in the wild
– They need to be a size and build that enables them to quickly run away from
predators
– So they can’t have a large stomach & digestive system like a cow
• When eating they are looking for predators not at what they are eating
– Hence evolved with eyes toward top of head
– They cannot see what they eat
– So the look and colour of food is irrelevant to them
Rabbits
Let’s talk about droppings!
• Rabbits need to process their food twice to get all the
nutrients they need from it
• So rabbits are physically unique
• They eat their own droppings
• And they should and NEED to do this
– It is not the same issue as for dogs!
• Actually, rabbits have 2 types of droppings
• The droppings that rabbits eat are special
– They are full of additional nutrients that the rabbit needs
– Called ‘sticky droppings’ or caecotrophs
Rabbits
Let’s talk about droppings!
• Left hand side:
Sticky droppings
– or ‘caecotrophs’
• Right hand side:
Hard droppings
– Hard droppings
from a healthy
rabbit are
perfectly spherical
– Not tear-drop
shaped
Feeding the good bacteria in the
rabbit
• Rabbits cannot digest their food without the
help of beneficial bacteria and other microbes
• Maintaining the balance of bacteria in their
digestive system keeps rabbits alive
• Feeding rabbits the right sort of food is
therefore one of THE most important aspects
of rabbit care to ensure healthy, happy
bunnies!
– Choice of food is therefore critical
Rabbit Diet
…and the role that fibre plays
The problem with common-style food for rabbits
1.
Selective feeding




2.
Rabbits can become fussy eaters
They will eat sweet foods, as an easy way to get a glucose fix
This can result in rabbits picking out bits of their food and leaving the rest
Leading to an imbalanced diet, with rabbit missing out on essential
nutrients, like fibre, calcium, phosphorous and Vitamin D
Lack of fibre
 common-style foods do not contain enough fibre
3.
Unhealthy ingredients
 Often, the actual ingredients in muesli foods are high in sugar and starch
 These are difficult for the rabbit to digest and can lead to health problems
and obesity
Remember: Rabbits can’t see the food
they’re eating, so what it looks like
really doesn’t matter!
Fibre in the rabbit’s diet
• Indigestible fibre
– Longer in size
– Is needed by the rabbit to keep digestive system going
• Gut motility
– Also plays an essential part in keeping teeth ground
down
– And helps stimulate appetite
• Too little indigestible fibre in the diet leads to gut
stasis
– Movement round the digestive system stops
– This is fatal for rabbits
Fibre in the rabbit’s diet
• Digestible fibre
– Very short fibre, less than 0.3 – 0.5mm after being
eaten
– Is needed by the rabbit for essential nutrition
– Maintains right level of good bacteria in the gut
• Essential for digestion to work
• Too little digestible fibre in the diet leads to
malnutrition
Fibre
Physical & Emotional Health
• Fibre is vital for:
– Digestive health
– Dental health
– Emotional health
Fibre
Digestive Health
• Fibre promotes healthy digestion by:
– ensuring gut motility
– promoting the optimal balance of bacteria in the gut
– helping to prevent abnormal droppings and caecotrophs
– helping stimulate appetite
• Burgess Excel Nuggets
– Contain high levels of beneficial fibre (digestible and indigestible
fibre) and all the nutrients rabbits need, in every mouthful
• Prevents selective feeding
– Contain a prebiotic – promotes beneficial bacteria for healthy
digestion
Fibre : Dental Health
• Rabbits teeth grow continuously
– 8-12cm / year
• Fibre promotes dental health by:
– encouraging greater use of the teeth
– helping with optimal dental wear
• Excel Herbage and Forage
– Excel Herbage: Timothy hay with Marigolds & Dandelions
• An excellent source of beneficial long fibre
• Nibbling /bite on hay assists the grinding of teeth, keeping them
in great shape
– Excel Forage: Barn-dried grass
• Another great source of fibre and essential nutrients
Remember: Hay is essential food for rabbits, not just bedding!
Fibre: Emotional Health
• In many ways, fibre promotes emotional health for rabbits
• Fibre in the form of hay or dried grass:
– Encourages natural foraging behaviour
– Prevents boredom
– Can be provided in ‘containers’ that stimulate the rabbit
• Tunnels, hay balls etc
• Fibrous healthy snacks (like Excel Nature Snacks):
– Provide emotional enrichment
– Encourage interaction and bonding between pet and owner
Danke
Faktor2 yang Mempengaruhi Energi intake
1.
1. Faktor yang berasal
dari ternak sendiri
2. Faktor lingkungan
3. Faktor Pakan
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Bulu penutup
Umur
Jenis kelamin
Strain
Suhu
Kelembaban
Kecepatan angin
Zat Makanan
•
1.
2.
3.
Energi
Karbohidrat
Lemak
Protein
Asam lemak jenuh :
miristat, palmitat, stearat
Asam lemak tidak jenuh :
Oleat, linoleat, linolenat,
Arakhidonat, palmitoleat