Transcript E. coli
Acute Pyelonephritis: Clinical Characteristics and the Role of the Surgical Treatment Dong-Gi Lee, Seung Hyun Jeon, Choong-Hyun Lee, Sun-Ju Lee, Jin Il Kim, and Sung-Goo Chang Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. Acute Pyelonephritis • Annual incidence is 250,000 cases in US • Incidence of hospitalized APN is 11.7 cases per 10,000 population among females and 2.4 cases per 10,000 population among males • Renal parenchyma damaged sepsis • Treatment of APN: current characteristics of the community, causative bacterial spectrum, and antibiotic resistance patterns. Acute Pyelonephritis • AB resistance is on the gradual increase • Ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX): – first-line antibiotics not showing effective sensitivity any longer • Complicated APN shows high-(+) rate with blood culture and more severe clinical symptoms than those of simple APN. • Current clinical characteristics and the necessity of surgical treatment in 1,026 cases of APN patients for the past 5 yrs. Materials & Methods • n = 1026 patients in Kyung Hee University Medical Center (Jan 2000-Dec 2004) – Medical records: clinical symptoms, causes, causative microorganisms, antibiotic sensitivities, and curative urological procedures • 3 of the following 5 criteria: – 1) clinical symptoms of APN (chilling, nausea, vomiting, flank pain) – 2) CVA tenderness – 3) leukocytosis (higher than 10,000/µL) – 4) fever (higher than 38.5℃) – 5) WBC count ≥5 cells/hpf on centrifuged urine sediment Materials & Methods • Identification of bacteria and AB sensitivity were assessed by disk diffusion test • In diagnosing complicated APN, group examined the presence of following diseases: – structural and functional abnormalities (urinary tract stone disease, neurogenic bladder, vesicoureteral reflux, obstructive uropathy, prostate disease) – underlying diseases which contribute to the persistence of infection (DM, immunosuppressive state, cystic renal disease). • T-test: comparison of continuous variables between independent two groups • Pearson chi-square test : analysis of the comparison of the frequency, criterion of the determination of significance was p<0.05 Patient Characteristics • Among 1026, 118 M, 908 F; M:F ratio 1:7.7 • Mean age 45.5±17.8 yr, – M 49.0±19.2 yrs, F 45.0±17.5 yrs – Diff. between genders not detected (p>0.05) • In males, group of over 60 was 38.1%, which was the most prevalent age group • Particularly, females in their 20s and 30s were 38.6% of the entire female patients. Clinical Presentation • Flank pain: – R kidney 56.3%, L kidney 32.9% – both kidneys 10.7%, • • • • Duration of fever: 3.1 days Duration of flank pain: 3.7 days Duration of the CVA tenderness: 4.2 days No statistical difference between gender Complicating Factors • 32.7% of total APN (335 cases, 73 men, 262 women) were complicated APN. • Among the complicated APN, the cases with structural and functional abnormality were 214 patients (63.9%), the cases with underlying medical diseases were 106 patients (37.9%), and the cases caused by the urologic manipulation were 8 cases (2.4%). Underlying disease of complicated acute pyelonephritis Complicating Factors • In complicated APN, the duration of the flank pain and the CVA tenderness was significantly longer than in simple APN • Complicated APN M:F ratio (1:3.6) was higher than that of the simple APN M:F ratio (1:1.14) Radiologic Findings • Abdominopelvis UTZ: performed on 788 cases (76.8%) – 428 cases (54.3%) showed normal findings – 360 cases (45.7%) showed abnormal findings • • • • • nephromegaly (18.8%) hydronephrosis (12.1%) renal stone (4.2%) renal cyst (2.9%) ureter stone (2.1%) Bacterial Culture and AB Sensitivity • 504 cases (49.1%): bacteria were isolated by urine culture • Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacteria found in urine culture, 84.3% Bacterial Culture Curative Urological Procedures • In treating complicated APN, urological procedures were performed on 94 cases (9.2%) – most frequent procedure: urinary lithotripsy (42 cases, 44.7%) – percutaneous nephrostomy (23 cases, 24.5%), clean intermittent catheterization (14 cases, 14.9%), ureteroneocystostomy (10 cases, 10.6%), nephrectomy (5 cases, 5.3%) and percutaneous pus drainage (3 cases, 3.2%). Discussion • UTI more prevalent in females – prevalent age range: 20-30 yrs (38.6% in our study) • Many studies: young women who are sexually active, use diaphragms or spermicide UTI • Proportion of female cases >60 yrs is 23.7% – DM and cerebral vascular disease due to aging Cultured Bacteria • E. coli: 84.3% cause for UTI • In cases with risk factors such as neurogenic bladder, kidney transplantation, urethral stricture – Pseudomonas was cultured – microorganism was found in 80% of the male population, which was prevalent AB Sensitivity • AB resistance of ampicillin and TMP/SMX is higher than that of western countries. • AB sensitivity test to E. coli – – – – – – Ampicillin: 27.7% Ampicillin/sulbactam: 77.1% Ciprofloxacin: 79.0% TMP/SMX: 44.7% Amikacin: 92.1% Gentamicin: 77.1% • In other countries, it has been reported that antibiotic sensitivity for TMP/SMX was 67-83.2%, 78-98.1% for ciprofloxacin and 25-82.3% for ampicillin. Antibiotic Sensitivity Sepsis • Sepsis: lethal complication • Present in 10.1% of the population • In cases where bacteria were isolated in blood culture – the duration of flank pain was significantly longer than other cases. Antibiotic Use • efficacy of ampicillin or TMP/SMX as the firstline treatment is very low. • Ciprofloxacin showed 79.1% sensitivity against E. coli, and 88.3 % against K. pneumoniae – can be recommended as the first-line oral therapy Complicated UTI • 32.7% of the population • Structural or functional disorders – – – – – urinary tract stone disease vesicoureteral reflux neurogenic bladder ureteral obstruction benign prostate hyperplasia • Among 335 complicated APN patients, 94 patients received the curative urologic procedures. • To treat urinary tract stones, ESWL, ureteroscopic stone removal or other lithotripsy were performed in 42 cases • In hydronephrosis due to ureteral obstruction, percutaneous nephrostomy was performed in 23 cases Conclusion • One third of APN is complicated APN, and over 60% of its origin is urological diseases. • Bacteria were isolated in urine culture in 49.1% – Use of ABs without prescription prior to admission. • AB resistance shows a trend on the rise; – Particularly, ABresistance to ampicillin and TMP/SMX is high therefore – reconsideration of their selection as first-line drugs is required.