Transcript Cladogram ppt Intro to cladograms

INTRO TO CLADOGRAMS
• Organisms share many conserved
core processes and features that are
widely distributed today.
• These provide evidence that all
organisms (living and extinct) are
linked by common ancestry.
Shared across domains
• Domains: Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
1. DNA and RNA as carriers of genetic material
2. A universal genetic code
3. Many metabolic pathways
Shared among Eukaryotes
1. Cytoskeleton
2. Nucleus
3. Membrane-bound organelles
4. Linear chromosomes
5. Endomembrane systems
• Presence of these conserved elements
provides evidence that they were present in
a universal ancestor and that present life
evolved from a universal ancestor
Phylogenetic trees
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
• Graphically model evolutionary history.
• Represent both genetically acquired traits
and those lost during evolution.
• Illustrate relatedness of groups of
organisms based on based on how recently
they had a common ancestor
Phylogenetic trees and cladograms
• Can be based on
• Morphological
• DNA and protein similarities
• Sophisticated computer programs.
• Can be used to determine the evolutionary
history of both living organisms and fossils.
• Are DYNAMIC!
Phylogenetic trees
Cladogram
Many forms