Transcript trophic levels - Fort Bend ISD

March 7, 2011
• Chapter 3 Quiz tomorrow – key ideas and
vocabulary! Outline is due!!
• We will review our exams tomorrow – lots
of kids need to take it today.
• Create your own food web ~
– Terrestrial towards the door.
– Aquatic towards the prep room.
– Who eats who? Set it up and once finished
connect yourselves with string…
Chapter 3 The Biosphere What is Ecology?
Ecology is the study of the interactions among organisms
and between organisms and their environment.
The biosphere is the area around planet earth where life
exists. It extends from 8 km. in the atmosphere to 11 km.
below the surface of the ocean.
Levels of Organization
1. species-a group of organisms so similar to each other
that they can breed and produce fertile offspring
2. populations-groups of individuals of the same species
that live in in a given area
3. communities-all the different populations that live in a
defined area
4. ecosystem-all the communities in a given area
together with the physical environment
5. biome-a group of ecosystems that have the same
climate and similar dominant communities
Species
Populations
Communities
Ecosystem
Biome – ex: Tundra
BIOSPHERE –
ALL PARTS OF THE EARTH WHERE
LIFE EXISTS INCLUDING
LAND, WATER AND AIR
ATMOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
Ecological Methods: Observing
Ecological Methods:
Observing
Ecological
Methods:
Experimenting
Ecological
Methods:
Modeling
Make models:
-math formulas
-data tested
by further obs.
March 8, 2011
• Review exam – page by page!
– Retest tutorial – Wed AM with Coach Schroeder
Wed PM with Coach Fall
– Retest – Thursday AM with Coach Schroeder
Thursday PM with Coach Fall
– Let me know if you need a pass!
• Warm Up: What are the levels of biosphere
organization from smallest to largest?
• Chapter 3 Quiz!
ENERGY FLOW
The main source of energy for all life
on earth is the sun, but less
than 1% is used by living things
II. Energy Flow
A. Producers or Autotrophs-use energy from the
environment to assemble simple inorganic
compounds into complex organic molecules
**make their own food!
1. photosynthesis-process through which plants
and algae take light energy to power chemical
reactions that convert CO2 and H2O into O2
and energy-rich carbohydrates
2. chemosynthesis-process through which some
bacteria break down inorganic molecules
releasing energy that they use to make energyrich carbohydrates
PRODUCERS/AUTOTROPHS
Capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and
use that energy to produce food.
Use energy from
the environment
to fuel the
assembly of
inorganic
compounds into
organic molecules
(Includes
plants, some
algae, & some
bacteria)
Autotrophs-producers-photosynthesis
Autotrophs-producers-chemosynthesis:
bacteria at a deep sea vent
B. Consumers or Heterotrophs-cannot harness
energy from the environment; must get their
energy from other organisms
1. herbivores - eat only plants
2. carnivores - eat only animals
3. omnivores - eat both plants and animals
4. detritivores – eat dead matter and recycle
them to the soil
5. decomposers – break down organic matter
CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHS
GET ENERGY FROM OTHER ORGANISMS
HERBIVORES
EAT PLANTS
CARNIVORES
EAT ANIMALS
OMNIVORES
EAT BOTH
CONSUMERS (CONTINUED)
DETRITIVORES: EAT DEAD MATTER
DECOMPOSERS - BREAK DOWN ORGANIC
MATTER
EX. BACTERIA AND
FUNGI
1. Chemosynthesis
2. Herbivore
3. Producer
4. Consumer
5. Photosynthesis
6. Population
7. Species
8. Omnivore
9. Ecosystem
10. Biosphere
a. Autotroph
b. Takes in food from
other sources
c. Consumes plants
d. Group of organisms
that produce fertile
offspring
e. Consumes plants or animals
f. Living and nonliving things
in an area
g. Group of organisms of
same kind in an area
h. Produce food
(organic compounds)
from inorganic chemicals
i. Living and nonliving things
in earth
j. Producer that uses sun’s
energy to make organic
compounds
March 9, 2011
• You will get your quizzes back on Friday.
We will review them then.
• Warm Up:
– What is the difference between a food chain
and a food web?
– What is a trophic level?
– Describe the flow of energy through 3 trophic
levels.
C. Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction,
from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs
and then to heterotrophs.
1. food chains-a series of steps in which organisms
transfer energy by eating and being eaten
*1 PATH*
2. food web-a graphic representation of all the food
chains in a given environment
*MULTIPLE PATHS*
trophic levels-each step in a food chain or web
Primary  Secondary  Tertiary
TROPHIC LEVELS
Steps in food chain;
1st trophic level is producer;
2nd and up are consumers
ENERGY DECREASES THE HIGHER UP
THE CHAIN YOU GO
FOOD CHAIN EXAMPLES
Food Web
“The greater number of alternative channels
through which energy can flow, the greater
the stability of the food web and the
ecosystem.”
Name a 1st order consumer, 2nd order consumer,
producer, decomposer, top level consumer, autotroph,
heterotroph, primary consumer, secondary consumer
from the food web above.
March 21, 2011
• Welcome back…hope you had a great week!
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Review Food Web Packets!
Notes on Different Pyramids.
Notes on Cycles.
Cycles of Matter Handout.
D. Ecological Pyramids- a diagram that shows the
relative amounts of energy or matter contained within
each trophic level in a food chain or web
1. Energy pyramidOnly about 10% of the energy available within one
trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next
trophic level
**Rest is given off as heat!!!**
2. Biomass pyramid
biomass-the total amount of living tissue within a
given trophic level
3. Pyramid of numbers- shows relative number of
individual organisms at each tropic level
ENERGY PYRAMIDS
SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY OR MATTER
WITHIN EACH TROPHIC LEVEL
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of
energy available at each trophic
level. Organisms use about 10
percent of this
energy for
life processes.
The rest is lost
as heat.
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
ENERGY PYRAMID
Only about 10% of available energy
transfers to the next level
If we start
with 4000
calories
of food
energy at
the base,
how much
is available
for the man?
How much
would he lose
as heat and
use for body
processes?
Pyramid of Numbers
When would a pyramid of numbers
not appear as a pyramid?
BIOMASS PYRAMID
Which word doesn’t belong?
1st order consumer
Herbivore
1st trophic level
Heterotroph
Herbivore
Consumer
Chemosynthesis
Heterotroph
Producer
Autotroph
Photosynthesis
Chemiosmosis
Carnivore
Herbivore
Omnivore
Decomposer
Cycles of Matter
• Unlike energy flowing in one direction,
matter cycles!
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Systems do not use up matter, they
transform it
• The same molecules are passed around
again and again in the biosphere.
– Could we be breathing in the same air the
dinosaurs did????
The Water Cycle
Condensation
Nutrient Cycles
• Nutrients: all chemical substances that an
organism needs to sustain life.
• Passed between organisms and
environment
Carbon Cycle
• Four main process move carbon through
its cycle:
1. Biological process- photosynthesis,
respiration and decomposition
2. Geochemical process- erosion and
volcanic activity
3. Mixed biogeochemical- burial and
decomposition of dead organisms
converted into fossil fuels
4. Human activities- mining, cutting and
burning forests and burning fossil fuels
CARBON CYCLE
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
Nitrogen Cycle
• Organisms require nitrogen for AA.
• Most abundant: nitrogen gas or N2 - 78% of atmosphere
• Ammonia, nitrate and nitrite ions are found in waste
products
– Also found in ocean and large water bodies
• Human activity adds nitrogen as nitrate due to fertilizers
• Nitrogen fixation – bacteria covert nitrogen gas into
ammonia  Nitrates/nitrites  producers use these to
make proteins!!
• Denitrification – When organisms die, decomposers return
nitrogen to the soil as ammonia – taken in by producers.
Soil bacteria convert nitrates  nitrogen gas, releasing
nitrogen back into the atmosphere!!!
NITROGEN CYCLE
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
Phosphorus Cycle
• Essential because part of DNA and RNA
• Not very common in the atmosphere
• Remains mostly on land in rock and soil
minerals, and in ocean sediments as inorganic
phosphate.
• When rocks and sediments wear down,
phosphate is released.
• On land, some of the phosphate washes into
P
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Nutrient Limitation
• Primary Productivity: rate at which organic
matter is created by producers
• Factors: amount of nutrients available
• Limiting Nutrient: single nutrient that limits
ecosystem because is scarce or slowly
cycles
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