Bacterial Growth
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Transcript Bacterial Growth
Orderly increase of all of the chemical constituents of
the cell.
Bact.growth-both an increase in the size and no. of the cells.
Net effect an increase in the total mass i.e.biomass.
Bacteria divide by binary fission.
Nuclear division precedes cell division.
Chemical requirements( macro n micronutrients)
Growth factors(essential n accessory) like thiamine,
riboflavin,nicotinic acid, folic acid, B12.
Physical factors: Environmental conditions: temperature,
pH, osmotic pressure,oxygen,co2,moisture n drying,light,
mechanical n sonic stresses.
Energy sources( photo n chemotrophs)
Generation time( interval of time between two cell divisions
or time required for a bacterium to give rise to two
daughter cells under optimal conditions.)
Major elements (CHONPS + K, Mg, Fe, Ca)
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus,
potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium
Organisms classified based on carbon usage
Heterotrophs
Use organic carbon as nutrient source.
Autotrophs
Use inorganic carbon (CO2) as carbon source
Trace elements (Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Se, Mg, Wo)
Cobalt, zinc, copper, molybdenum and manganese
Required in minute amounts
Assist in enzyme function
Nutritional diversity
Different organisms require the same nutrients but may require
different forms of the nutrients
Element
% dry wgt
Source
Carbon
50
organic compounds or CO2
Oxygen
20
H2O, organic compounds, CO2, and O2
Nitrogen
14
NH3, NO3, organic compounds, N2
Hydrogen
8
H2O, organic compounds, H2
Phosphorus
3
inorganic phosphates (PO4)
Sulfur
1
SO4, H2S, So, organic sulfur compounds
Potassium
1
Potassium salts
Magnesium
0.5
Magnesium salts
Calcium
0.5
Calcium salts
Iron
0.2
Iron salts
Carbon sources
◦ CO2
◦ organic
=
=
autotroph
heterotroph
Energy sources
◦ sunlight
=
phototroph
◦ organic =
chemotroph
◦ Derive both carbon and energy from organic
compnds(chemohetero)
Derives energy from organic compounds and
carbon source from inorganic compounds
A related ancient group…..
Lithoautotroph
Neither sunlight nor organics used, rather
it relies totally on inorganics
Saprobe – lives on organic matter of dead
organisms
Parasite – lives on organic matter of living
host = pathogens
Temperature
O2
CO2
pH
Osmotic Pressure(plasmolysis n plasmotysis)
Moisture n drying( lyophilization or freeze drying)
Light
Mechanical n sonic stresses.(grinding n vigorous
shaking with glass beads)
Psychrophiles: cold-loving
Mesophiles: moderate temperature-loving
Thermophiles: heat-loving
Each has a minimum, optmum, and maximum
growth temperature
Optimum growth temperature is usually near
Death above the maximum temp. comes from
enzyme inactivation
Mesophiles most common group of organisms
40ºF (5°C) slows or stops growth of most
microbes
the top of the growth rang
Obligate aerobes – require O2.e.g
pseudomonas,vibrio.
Facultative anaerobes – can use O2 but also
grow without it.ecoli n staph.
Obligate anaerobes – die in the presence of
O2.clostridia n bacteroides.
Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and
7.5
Acid (below pH 4) good preservative for
pickles n cheeses
Acidophiles can live at low pHe.g
lactobacillus.
Vibrio grows at alkaline pH
Bacteria divide by binary fission.
No mitosis
Colony: clone of cell derived from a single
parent..millions of bacteria in a single colony
Colonies on soid media
Diffuse growty in liquid media
Logarithmic growth,geometric progression or
exponential growth
Time required for cell to divide/for
population to double
Average for bacteria is 1-3 hours
E. coli generation time = 20 min
◦ 20 generations (7 hours), 1 cell becomes 1
million cells!
◦ Tubercle bacilli 20 hrs
◦ Lepra bacilli 20 days
1.Lag phase
After inoculation of microorg.in fresh culture
medium, no immediate increase in cell no.
Increase in cell size but no cell division, cells r not
dormant
making new enzymes in response to new
medium(adaptation)
Variable in length
2.Log phase :
exponential growth
◦ Desired for production of products
◦ Most sensitive to drugs and radiation during this
period
◦ Population is most uniform in physiological n
chemical properties
Stationary phase –
◦ nutrients becoming limiting or waste products
becoming toxic,changes in Ph,decreased o2 tension
◦ death rate = division rate
Death phase – death exceeds division