Transcript Vaccines Learning Module | Vaccine Education Center

Vaccines
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Learning Intention:
 Today we are learning and exploring the
importance of vaccines on our and the community’s
health.
Success Criteria:
 We know we are successful when we have:
 Taken good notes on the importance of vaccines
 Watched the videos related to the discussion
 Been personally engaged in our learning
How Do Vaccines Work?
During natural infection:
• The immune system recognizes a pathogen as
foreign and makes an immune response to it.
When a pathogen causes an immune response, it
is known as an antigen.
•Unfortunately, while the immune response is
gaining strength, the person is likely to be ill as the
struggle between the pathogen and the immune
response is decided.
How Do Vaccines Work?
During natural infection:
•One part of the immune response creates
antibodies
•Antibodies are specific to antigens and
have the ability to remember them, so that if the same
(or a very similar) antigen tries to infect the person
again, the immune response will be stronger and faster
thereby protecting the person from infection—and
illness.
What Is a Vaccine ?
A vaccine is the deliberate stimulation of
adaptive immunity.
• Work by mimicking what happens
during natural infection without causing
illness.
• Use altered versions of viruses or
bacteria to trigger an immune response.
What is a Vaccine?
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Are the most effective means of controlling infectious
diseases.
Not only protect those who get
them, but they also help keep
diseases at bay in the
community; this is called herd
immunity.
How Do Vaccines Work ?
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The immune system recognizes
the vaccine as foreign and makes
an immune response to it. The
vaccine serves as an antigen in
that it causes the immune system
to respond to it.
How Do Vaccines Work ?
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Antibodies are specific to the vaccine
and have the ability to remember it,
so that if the vaccine or a very similar
antigen is seen again, the immune
response will be stronger and faster
thereby protecting the person from
infection.
How do Vaccines Work?
The main difference between
a vaccine and natural
infection is that the person
does not become ill while the
immune system is responding
to the vaccine.
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How Are Vaccines Made ?
Vaccines are made by:
• Weakening the virus
• Inactivating the virus
• Using part of the virus or bacteria
• Inactivating a toxin (poison)
made by the bacteria
How Vaccines Work
Video: How Vaccines
Work
How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe
and Effective?
•
Phase I studies
• Use fewer than 100 volunteers
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Answer the questions
• Is the vaccine safe?
• Does it trigger an immune response?
Phase II studies
• Use a few hundred volunteers
• Use the type of people likely to get the vaccine
How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe
and Effective?
•
Phase III studies
• Use more than 5,000 volunteers across a large
geographical area
•
Use the type of people who will get the vaccine
•
All data is submitted to U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA)
•
FDA reviews all data and determines whether the vaccine
can be licensed and sold
How Are Vaccines Determined to Be Safe
and Effective?
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Phase IV studies
• Vaccines continue to be monitored for safety even after
they are being used.
•
Sometimes rare side effects are found after the vaccine is
given to a large number of people
• Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is
monitored by the CDC
•
Can include data from selected health departments or
health maintenance groups
Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of Age
Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC
Infants and Children 0 Through 6 Years of
Age – Vaccines
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Hepatitis B
Rotavirus
Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis (DTaP)
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Pneumococcus (pneumonia)
Polio
Influenza
Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR)
Varicella (chicken pox)
Hepatitis A
Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of Age
Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC
Children and Teens 7 Through 18 Years of
Age – Vaccines
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Tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis
(DTaP)
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Meningococcus (meningitis)
Influenza (flu)
Adolescents and Teens May Need to “Catch-up”
on Certain Vaccines
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Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Poliovirus
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
(MMR)
Varicella (chicken pox)
Adults
Photo Credit: James Gathany, CDC
Adults
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Most adults don’t realize there are times
when they, too, need vaccines:
• At certain ages
• During pregnancy
• Before travel
• For occupational risks
• When they have certain medical
conditions
Vaccines for Adults
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Td/Tdap (tentus, diphtheria & pertussis)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Varicella (chicken pox)
Herpes Zoster (shingles)
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Influenza (flu)
Pneumococcal (pneumonia)
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Meningococcus (meningitis)
Vaccines & Autism
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The myth began after a small study published in
1998 in the Lancet by Andrew Wakefield and
colleagues at Royal Free Hospital and School of
Medicine in London suggested that childhood
vaccines might cause some cases of autism.
After independent scientists repeatedly challenged
the veracity of the 1998 paper, many of
Wakefield’s coauthors withdrew their names from
the publication.
Vaccines and Autism
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Journalist Brian Deer may finally put the matter to
rest. An experienced investigative reporter, he
tracked down and interviewed the original
participants in Wakefield’s study. He also compared
medical records with what was published in the
1998 study. It turns out that Wakefield wasn’t just
misinterpreting data — he was making much of it
up.
Vaccines and Autism
Study after study has proven
that there is no connection
between Autism and
vaccines.
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No study has ever been able to reproduce the
results of Andrew Wakefield’s study
Vaccines and Autism
So what should you take away?
 Vaccines are safe!
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Vaccines are perhaps the
single greatest medical
advancement.
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