Transcript 3 H - NSTA Learning Center - National Science Teachers Association

LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
IPY/NSTA Web Seminar:
Impact of Polar Climate Change on Living
Systems
Thursday, June 14, 2007
6:30 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
Agenda:
1. Introductions
2. Tec-help info
3. Web Seminar training
4. Presentation
5. Evaluation
6. Chat with the presenter
Al Byers
Assistant Executive Director
NSTA
Susan Hurstcalderone
Science Teacher
Volunteer Chat Moderator
Jeff Layman
Tech Support
703-312-9384
[email protected]
NSTA
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LIVE INTERACTIVE LEARNING @ YOUR DESKTOP
IPY/NSTA Web Seminar:
Impact of Polar Climate Change on Living
Systems
Thursday, June 14, 2007
7:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern time
Cold Microbes: From Global Cycles to
Genomes
David Kirchman
College of Marine and Earth Studies
University of Delaware
Lewes, Delaware
CO2 in atmosphere
Greenhouse
gases like CO2
are increasing
in the
atmosphere
Year
How much has the average global
temperature changed due to greenhouse
gases and human activity?
A. Not at all.
B. Not at all yet, but may in the future.
C. About 1oC so far, may be as high
as 6oC by the year 2100.
D. About 2oC so far, may be as high
as 10oC by the year 2100.
Arctic Ocean will
be free of ice by
2040?!
2040?
2004
Microbes consume and produce many
greenhouse gases, especially CO2
Phytoplankton and other plants
Autotrophs
CO2
Organic Matter + O2
Heterotrophs
Bacteria and animals
Seawater after staining for DNA
Heterotrophic bacteria (about 0.5 mm)
How many bacteria are in the
oceans?
Cells per ml
100
1,000
100,000
1,000,000
What is your
estimate?
Fate of plant (primary) production in the oceans
CO2
Larger
grazers
Protist
grazers
Bacteria
Detritus
CO2
Phytoplankton
(plants)
50% in warm
oceans
Are bacteria and other microbes as
“active” in the Arctic as elsewhere?
CO2
Larger
grazers
Protist
grazers
Bacteria
Detritus
CO2
Phytoplankton
(plants)
What fraction
goes this route
in the Arctic?
Weak, inactive bacteria
 strong classical food
chains
Pomeroy and Diebel (1986)
[M. Webber-USFWS]
Why microbes may not be so
active in the Arctic:
It’s cold up there!
-1.7- +5oC in water
-20oC in sea ice
(salinity = 20%)
Polar bear
swim by
Kirchman
Are bacteria and other microbes as
“active” in the Arctic as elsewhere?
True
False
How many cells are growing and are active in
taking up organic material?
Microautoradiography
1. Incubate with 3H-organic material
2. Fix and filter
3. Embed into photographic film emulsion
4. Develop and analyze
Microautoradiography: single cell assay
for organic material use
3H-amino
acids
Bacterium
3H
Photographic film emulsion
Cells stained for DNA
(0.5 mm)
Silver grains, indicating
uptake of 3H amino
acids
Arctic bacteria are active, even in freezing water!!
70-100% of cells detectable by FISH
70
% of total bacteria
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Arctic Ocean
N. Atlantic
Ocean
Global
Average
Questions?
What have you learned?
Microbes both produce and consume
greenhouse gases, like CO2 and methane (CH4).
True
False
What have you learned?
The biomass (weight) of whales is greater than
that of bacteria in the oceans.
True
False
What types (“species”) of
marine bacteria are in the
Arctic Ocean and in the global
carbon cycle?
Answers from genomics
ge·nom ic (je’ nom’ ik) adj.The
study of the structure and function
of large numbers of genes
simultaneously.
Many genomes are now sequenced.
>200 marine
microbes now
being sequenced
Draft of human
genome
2007
Metagenomics (environmental genomics)
Genes isolated directly from microbial
communities without culturing in the lab.
vib
lir
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iol
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br
D oba
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us
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AR
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B/
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Bacteria
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Cand
Actinobacteria
SAR86
Bathymodiolus thermoph
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Oceanospirillum linum
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as macle od
Alteromon
marine
Rubrobacter xylanophilus
Nitrosp ira marina
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s alin
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b
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Lots of marine
bacterial “species”,
many new and still
not isolated.
Torsvik et al. (2002): 160
0.10 substitutions
Venter et al. (2004): 1,800-45,000
per nucleotide position
Sulfo
lob us
Py Desulf
solfa
uroc
rod
tar icu
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s mo
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Methanosarcina barkeri
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Ha l
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Halofera
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Archaea
Giovannoni and Rappe (2000)
What you should have learned:
Climate change is real, especially in the Arctic,
which is very sensitive to global warming.
Microbes are important because of their
abundance and their role in consuming and
producing greenhouse gases.
Data about genomes help us understand
microbes in the Arctic and other natural
environments.
What is going to
happen to our
climate and the
biosphere??
Thank you!
http://www.elluminate.com
http://learningcenter.nsta.org
National Science Teachers Association
Gerry Wheeler, Executive Director
Frank Owens, Associate Executive Director
Conferences and Programs
Al Byers, Assistant Executive Director e-Learning
NSTA Web Seminars
Flavio Mendez, Program Manager
Jeff Layman, Technical Coordinator
Susan Hurstcalderone, Volunteer Chat Moderator
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