Transcript Chapter 3 wb - Duluth High School

ECOSYSTEMS
Troposphere-
N2, O2 Green house
gases
Stratosphere- O3 which filters
out 95% of UV radiation and
allows life to exist on earth
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Name
the greenhouse gasses.
Water vapor
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Ozone (O3)
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Infrared
radiation that leaves the
earth’s surface causes GHG
molecules to vibrate and release
infrared radiation at a longer
wavelength. Vibrating molecules
have high KE and this increases the
temperature.
Without the natural GH effect, the
planet would be too cold for life.
Without
the Greenhouse Effect,
Earth’s temperature would be 0°
F!!!!
All the waters would be frozen!
The amount of warming depends on
various feedback mechanisms. For
example, as the atmosphere warms due
to rising levels of greenhouse gases, its
concentration of water vapor increases,
further intensifying the greenhouse
effect. This in turn causes more warming,
which causes an additional increase in
water vapor, in a self-reinforcing cycle.
This water vapor feedback may be strong
enough to approximately double the
increase in the greenhouse effect due to
the added CO2 alone.
Additional important feedback mechanisms
involve clouds. Clouds are effective at
absorbing infrared radiation and therefore
exert a large greenhouse effect, thus warming
the Earth. Clouds are also effective at
reflecting away incoming solar radiation, thus
cooling the Earth. A change in almost any
aspect of clouds, such as their type, location,
water content, cloud altitude, particle size
and shape, or lifetimes, affects the degree to
which clouds warm or cool the Earth. Some
changes amplify warming while others
diminish it.
The
study of how
organisms interact with
one another and with their
nonliving environment.
Organisms→populations
→communities →ecosystems
→biosphere
 All
organisms are made of cells.
 Cells are classified as eukaryotic or
prokaryotic.
A
group of sexually reproducing organisms.
 There are between 4-100 million species!
 1.8 million have been identified!
 Terrestrial

Distinct climate and vegetation
 Watery

-biomes
regions- aquatic life zones
Freshwater and marine zones
 All
the living and once living components in
an ecosystem
 Different species/populations thrive under
different conditions- range of tolerance
ABIOTIC FACTORS
 All
the nonliving components in an
ecosystem.
 Limiting factors regulate population growth.
This is one way that population is
controlled.
 Limiting factors may be precipitation,
temperature, sunlight, nutrient availability,
salinity
 What
is another name :
for a feeding level?
Trophic level
for a producer? (land plants, algae,
phytoplankton)
Autotroph
for a Consumer?
Heterotroph
for an organism that feeds on dead bodies?
(earthworms, vultures, catfish)
Detrivore
For a consumer that release nutrients
while it eats? (bacteria and fungi)
Decomposer
Single-celled prokaryotes.
Have no nucleus or
membrane
bound organelles.
First seen by
Van Leeuwenhoek in 1676.
Examples of diseases
caused by
bacteria are cholera,
anthrax, TB, syphilis and
staph infections.
 Fungi

are heterotrophic.
Fungi are not able to ingest their food like
animals do, nor can they manufacture their own
food the way plants do. Instead, fungi feed by
absorption of nutrients from the environment
around them. They accomplish this by growing
through and within the substrate on which they
are feeding. Numerous hyphae network through
the wood, cheese, soil, or flesh from which they
are growing. The hyphae secrete digestive
enzymes which break down the substrate,
making it easier for the fungus to absorb the
nutrients which the substrate contains.
Most fungi are saprophytes,
feeding on dead or decaying
material. Ergot, corn smut,
Dutch elm disease, and
ringworm are all diseases caused
by parasitic fungi.
 Protozoa
are simple, single-celled animals.
They are the smallest of all animals. Most
protozoa are microscopic in size. However,
they do breathe, move and reproduce like
multicelled animals.
Protozoa eat tiny algae and bacteria.
Protozoa take in oxygen and give off
carbon dioxide through the cell
membrane.
Examples are amoeba, paramecium,
volvox, euglena and stentor
 6CO2
+ 6H20 +
What
→ C6H12O6 + 6O2
photosynthesizes on land?
Plants
What photosynthesis in the
water?
Algae, aquatic plants, and
phytoplankton
Examples
of algae are
diatoms and kelp
These bacteria get their energy
from hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas
escaping through the
hydrothermal vents in the deep
ocean in a process called
chemosynthesis.
Primary
(herbivores)caterpillars, giraffes
Secondary (carnivores)spiders, lions
Tertiary – tigers,
hawks, orcas
Omnivores
Decomposers
Detrivores
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy
Is an
aerobic process
If the glucose is broken down without oxygen, it is
anaerobic
Different end products, such as methane (CH4) or
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) will form. Examples are yeast,
bacteria and your muscles (lactic acid)
 Chemical
energy stored as nutrients in the
bodies and wastes of organisms flows through
ecosystems from one trophic level to
another.
 Each level contains biomass which is the dry
weight of all organic matter in the organism.
 Energy transfer through food chains/webs is
not efficient. (2nd law of thermodynamics)
 Energy efficiency is the percent of usable
chemical energy transferred as biomass.
 Energy transfer averages only 10%.

Ecosystems and the biosphere are sustained
through a combination of one-way energy flow
from the sun through these systems and the
nutrient cycling of key materials.
 GPP-
the rate at which producers capture
and store solar energy
 NPP- the rate at which producers use
photosynthesis to produce and store energy
minus the rate at which they use the energy
to respire.
 NPP= GPP-R
R is respiration
 The
movement of elements/compounds
(nutrients) through an ecosystem/biosphere
 Driven
by solar energy and gravity
 Nutrient
cycles connect past, present and
future forms of life.
Hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and
sulfur cycles
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules
together.
 Water
exists as a liquid over a wide
temperature range!
 The high boiling point prevents the oceans
for evaporating!
 Water freezes at 0˚C (32˚F) and
boils at 100 ˚C (212˚F)
 Water
has a high heat capacity. This means it
takes a long time to heat up and a long time
to cool down.
 This property moderates our climate and
protects living organisms from temperature
changes.
 Explain
why the water in a swimming pool
feels hot in the evening and cool in the
morning.
 It
takes a large amount of energy to
evaporate water because of the hydrogen
bonds.
 In order to evaporate, water absorbs large
amounts of heat. When the vapor condenses,
large amounts of heat are released. This
distributes heat around the world and
determines climates.
 Evaporation is a cooling process because heat
is removed from one item as another absorbs
the heat.
 Liquid
water dissolves lots of substances, it is
the universal solvent.
 Carries dissolved nutrients, flushes waste out
of tissues, removes/dilutes water soluble
wastes
 Carries dissolved chemicals, salts into
waterways
 Water
filters out some of the sun’s UV
radiation.
 Because
of hydrogen bonds, water has the
ability to stick to other solid surfacesADHERENCE
(the polarity of the molecules
are attracted to the polarity
of the substance- cellulose)
 Capillary
action-water rising
through a plant from its roots
to its leaves
 Water
expands as it freezes.
 This
is why ice floats because it has a lower
density than liquid water.
 Because
water expands, it can break pipes,
street pavement and rocks.