Transcript ch3biosphere2004

Chapter 3
The Biosphere
Interest Grabber
Section 3-1
Levels Within Levels
• An ecosystem is a collection of all the
organisms that live in a particular place,
together with their nonliving, or physical,
environment. Within an ecosystem,
there are several levels of organization.
Your school and its grounds are similar
to an ecosystem.
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Section:
Section 3-1
Interest Grabber continued
• 1. What living things are found in and around your
school?
• 2. What nonliving things are found in your school?
• 3. Into what large groups are the students in your
school divided?
• 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups
divided?
• 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller
groups? If so, what are these groups?
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Section:
Section Outline
Section 3-1
•
Go to
Section:
3–1
What Is Ecology?
A.Interactions and
Interdependence
B.Levels of Organization
C.
Ecological Methods
1.
Observing
2.
Experimenting
3.
Modeling
I.What is Ecology?
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Ecology
A.Interactions and Interdependence
__________________-scientific study of interactions
among organisms and between organisms and their
environment or surroundings.
_________came up with term ecology based on
house and economy.
The largest unit is the ______________________
which contains the combined portions of the planet
in which all of life exists,inc. water and atmosphere.
Web of interactions in biosphere as organisms and
environment ,which are interdependent
Haeckel
Biosphere
B.Levels of Organization
species
– 1)_______________level studies interactions between
specific organism and surroundings 2)individuals belong to
the same species and live in same area. population
– 3)________________-groups of different populations living
in the same area
– 4)__________________-collection of all the organisms living
in particular place+ nonliving parts
– 5)_______________-group of ecosystems that have the
same climate and similar dominant communities
communities
ecosystem
Biome
Figure 3-2 Ecological Levels of
Organization
Section 3-1
C. Ecological Methods
• Observing-example What species live
here?how many?...
• Experimenting– An _______________________ may test a
hypothesis in a lab
– field studies in natural ecosystems
• Modeling may be done because phenomena
may occur over a long time/may use
mathematical formulas
Artificial environment
Compare/Contrast Table
Section 3-1
Ecological Methods
Observation
Experiment
Experimental plots,
field sites, laboratory
Tapes, compass,
Measuring Tools Tapes, compass,
Global Positioning
Global Positioning
System, thermometer, System, thermometer,
sensors
sensors
Magnifying Tools Binoculars, microscope, Binoculars, microscope,
telescope
telescope
Sites
Written Record
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Section:
Field site
Model Building
Many sites for data
collecting
Aerial views, Global
Positioning System,
weather balloons
Satellite images
Notes, automated data Notes, automated data Automated data storage
storage
storage
Chemical Testing Test kits
Test kits
Computer/
Calculators
Mathematical analysis Mathematical analysis
and graphics, statistics and graphics, statistics,
simulations
Mathematical analysis
and graphics, statistics
Large database,
multiple sensors
Interest Grabber
Section 3-2
• Energy flows in one direction through an
ecosystem, from the sun or inorganic
Pass
It Along
compounds
to producers
(organisms that
can make their own food) through various
levels to consumers (organisms that rely
on other organisms for food). Your body
gets the energy and materials it needs for
growth and repair from the foods you eat.
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Section:
Interest Grabber continued
• 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat.
Section 3-2
Indicate whether the food
•
comes from a plant (producer) or an animal
(consumer).
• 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are
seeds. Where do seeds
•
come from?
• 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle eat?
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Section:
• 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your
favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many
levels as you can.
• 1. Make a list of five foods that you like to eat.
Indicate whether the food
Sec
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comes from a plant (producer) or an animal
(consumer).
• 2. Like many birds, chickens eat grains, which are
seeds. Where do seeds
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come from?
• 3. Meat comes from beef cattle. What do cattle
eat?
• 4. Construct a diagram showing how one of your
favorite foods obtains its energy. Include as many
levels as you can.
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Section:
II. Energy Flow
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A.
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–
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Producers
____________-main source of energy for all life
on earth
Only <_____% of the sunlight is used by living
things ,yet this produces much energy
Some organisms use the energy stored in
organic compounds-eg. In _____________and
undersea vents
Hot
springs
sun
1%
Energy Flow cont’d
– Only ____________________ can take (derive)
energy directly from the sun or inorganic
compounds…..These are called
____________________,which use the energy
from the environment to fuel the assembly of
simple inorganic compounds into complex
organic molecules….finally forming tissue
– Because they can make their own food,autotrophs
are called __________________.
– Both types of producers---those that get energy
from sunlight and those that derive energy from
inorganic compounds are essential to the
biosphere.
Plants,some algae
and certain
bacteria
autotrophs
producers
A. Producers cont’d
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1) Energy from the sun:
–
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Get energy from _______________that converts
CO2 and H2O into O2 and glucose,using light
energy…..responsible for O2 we breath
– On land _______are the main autotrophs and
and ______________are the main autotrophs
under the water,at the upper layers.
In tidal flats and salt marshes,photosynthetic
bacteria called _________are the main autotrophs
plants
photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
algae
Light
energy
CO2+ H20------------carbs + O2
2. Life w/o Light:
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Rely on chemical bonds of such
inorganic molecules as hydrogen sulfide
______________is when chemical
energy is used to produce
carbohydrates---performed by several
type of bacteria
In volcanic vents on the deep ocean floor
and hot springs
chemosynthesis
Consumers-also called ____________________rely
on other organisms for their food supply
:
Types
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heterotrophs
1)_______________eat only plants.eg-cows,caterpillars
and deer
2)______________eat animals—eg-snakes and owls
3)__________________-eat both plants and animals
eg-humans,bears
4)________________________eat plant animal
remains,and other dead matter
called detritus—eg-earthworms and snails
herbivores
carnivores
omnivores
detrovites
II.cont’d( beginning w/B-5)
______________________
_-break down organic
matter---eg. Bacteria and
fungi
Decomposers
energy
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C. Feeding Relationships
____________ flows through an ecosystem in one
direction,from the sun or inorganic compounds to
autotrophs(producers) and then to various
heterotrophs(consumers) .These relationships
create feeding networks:
1. The energy stored by producers can be passed
through an ecosystem along a
___________________-a series of steps in which
organisms transfer energy by eating and being
eaten…shows one way flow of energy
Food chains
zooplankton
The animal plankton above
is________________________,which
devour the phytoplankton and are ,in
turn, eaten by small fish.
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2. ________________________complex feeding interactions are shown.
These show more complex
relationships.Producers are either eaten
or complete life cycle.
Herbivores,omnivores,carivores and
producers decompose,turning into
detritus,by decomposers and devoured
by detritivores and also by consumers.
Food webs
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3. Each step in a food chain or food web
is __________________________Each
consumer depends on the trophic level
below for energy.
Called a trophic
level
4. Ecological Pyramids-shows the relative amount of matter
contained w/in each trophic level being a chain or
web…There are 3 types:
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Energy Pyramid-Only about __% of the energy
available in one trophic level is transferred to the
next…most is released into environment…..only
about 1% transferred to humans….the more
trophic levels ,the ____energy at the top.
10%
less
• Biomass Pyramid-represents amount food
available @ level
– Total amount of living tissue in a trophic
level=________________
• expressed in g/unit area
• Pyramid of Numbers –based on number of
individual organisms at each trophic level.
biomass
Ecological Pyramids
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of
Section
3-2 trophic
energy available
at each
level. Organisms use about 10
percent of this
energy for
life processes.
The rest is lost
as heat.
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Section:
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative
number of individual
organisms at each
trophic level.
III. Cycles of Matter
• Matter is cycled within and without an
ecosystem
• Matter is passed from one organism to
another through_______________
Biochemical cycles
The Water Cycle
Section 3-3
Condensation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Runoff
Seepage
Root
Uptake
Watergas in EVAPORATION
and water enters the air from
leaves in TRANSPIRATION
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All the chemical substances an
organism needs for life is a
______________/to build tissues and
carry out cell functions
Nutrient
4 main types of processes move C
through its cycle
• Biological processes like
Photosynthesis,respiration and decomposition
take up and release C and O2
• Geochemical processes,such as erosion and
volcanos release CO2 into the atmosphere and
oceans.
• Mixed Biochemical processes-burial and
decomposition and conversion into coal and
petroleum store underground C.
• Human activities like mining ,cutting and burning
forests and fossil fuels release CO2 in the air.
Figure 3-13 The Carbon Cycle
Section 3-3
CO2 in
Atmosphere
CO2 in Ocean
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Figure 3-14 The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-
N needed for amino acids and proteins
N-fixing bacteria from roots of
legumes convert N gas into
ammonia in Nitrogen
Fixation,also into nitrates and
nitrites.Producers use them to
make proteins.This is then
usable by the consumers to
make their own proteins.
Denitrification is when organisms die
and decomposers return it to soil as
ammonia.Other soil bacteria convert
Nitrates into N gas,releasing N into air
again
P forms part of DNA and
RNA
Nutrient Limitation
• Primary productivity is
_________________________.
• Available nutrients affect this.
• When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient it
is called a______________.
• Algal blooms occur due to the increase in a
nutrient.the algae may cover the surface of the water
and block the sun
Rate @ which organic
matter is created by
producers
Limiting nutrient
Algal Blooms