Transcript Classification Powerpoint

Biological Classification
Why Classify?
• So we can know:
• How many species are there?
• What are the characteristics of
these species?
• What are the relationships
between the species?
Biological Classification
• Biological classification: the
arrangement of organisms into groups
based on shared characterisitics
• Organisms are grouped according to
similar characteristics and relationships
to one another
Levels of Classification
• 8 Taxa (plural)—Taxon: A
category of organisms
• Hierarchical system
Levels of Classification
1. Domains: three broad
groups (Archae domain,
Bacteria domain, Eukarya
domain)
• Created by C.R. Woese in
1990
• Based on molecular biology
Levels of Classification
2. Kingdom- Taxon of similar
phylums
3. Phylum- Taxon of similar
classes
4. Class- Taxon of similar orders
Levels (cont.)
5. Order- Taxon of similar families
6. Family- Taxon of similar genera
7. Genus- Taxon of similar species
8. Species (smallest, most
specific)
Levels, cont.
•King Phillip Came
Over For Great
Soup
Taxonomy
• The science of grouping and
naming organisms based on
their different characteristics
History of Taxonomy
• Aristotle (384 - 322 B.C.)
Aristotle’s
Classification
Plant
Trees
Shrubs
Animal
Herbs
Land
Air
Water
Classification
• Problems with Aristotle’s:
• Frog- Half of life is in water
(tadpole), half is on land
• Didn’t know about bacteria or
one celled organisms (no
microscopes)
Classification
Carolus Linnaeus
• Swedish physician and
botanist
• Lived in 1700’s
• Classified according to shared
characteristics
Charles Darwin’s Theory
of Evolution
1859
Evolutionary changes
form a line of descent
from a common ancestor
A cladogram is a branching
diagram that shows
evolutionary relationships
Naming Names
• Binomial nomenclature: a
two-part naming system
developed by Linnaeus
• Organisms are given two
names: Genus (capitalized)
and species (lowercase)
Naming Names
• The scientific name is always
underlined or written in italics
• Scientific names are always the
same (Felis concolor):
• Allows the scientific names to be
used universally
FYI: Naming Names
• Common names are too
confusing (puma, cougar,
mountain lion) because they
can be based on regions or
languages
Before Linnaeus:
What is an apis pubescens
thorace subgriseo abdomine
fusco pedibus posticis glabris
utrinque margine ciliatus?
After Linnaeus:
Apis mellifera
Honey Producing Bee
Enhydra lutris
Arctos horribilis
Bear awful
Dichotomous Keys
• Aid in identifying unknown
organisms
• Pairs of statements with two
choices of characteristics
• Only one choice will apply to
the unknown organism
• This will lead to another pair of
characteristics.. And so on…
Until the organism is identified
Kingdoms
• Most broad and largest level
of classification
Five Kingdoms vs. Six
• Previously, there was a 5
kingdom system instead of our
current 6 kingdom
5 Kingdom System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
6 Kingdom System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
5 vs. 6 Kingdoms
5 Kingdoms
6 Kingdoms
Protista
Monera
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Archaebacteria
& Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
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•
•
•
Cell type: Prokaryote
Number of cells: Unicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph
Habitat: Extreme (usually oxygen
free)
• Other info: genetic makeup is
similar to eukaryotes
Eubacteria
• Cell type: Prokaryote
• Number of cells: Unicellular
• Nutrition: Autotroph &
Heterotroph
• Habitat: Most environments
• Other info: these contain helpful
and harmful bacteria
Protista
• Cell type: Eukaryote
• Number of cells:
Unicellular &
Multicellular
• Nutrition: Autotroph & Heterotroph
• Habitat: Moist environments
• Other info: can be animal-like, plant-
like, and fungi-like
Fungi
• Cell type: Eukaryote
• Number of cells: Unicellular &
Multicellular
• Nutrition: Heterotroph
• Habitat: Moist environments
• Other info: they absorb nutrients
from their environments
Plantae
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•
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Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Nutrition: Autotroph
Habitat: Most environments
Other info: they don’t fossilize as
often as organisms with harder
structures (bones, etc.)
Animalia
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•
•
•
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Cell type: Eukaryote
Number of cells: Multicellular
Nutrition: Heterotrophs
Habitat: All environments
Other info: have certain organ
systems that plants do not have like
the muscular, skeletal, and nervous
system