Transcript symbioses[1]

Symbioses - the close ecological relationship between
organisms of two different species
“Three Types of Symbiosis”
Mutualism – both species benefit from the relationship.
Commensalism – one species benefits from the relationship while
the other is unaffected.
Parasitism – one species lives at the expense of the other
Mutualism Examples
#1 Rhizobia bacteria to legumes
 Legume root hairs secrete a substance that attracts this
bacteria and the hair curls to surround the bacteria
 The bacteria secretes an enzyme that creates nodules on
the root

The nodules are full of a type of hemoglobin that allows the
bacteria to obtain oxygen
 The bacteria produce nitrogen for the plant
#2 The Clownfish and Sea anemone
• The Clownfish while being provided with food, cleans away fish and algae leftovers from
the anemone.
•In addition, the sea anemones are given better water circulation because the clownfish
fan their fins while swimming about.
#3 Another anemone relationship is with the Glass Shrimp.
#4 Coral and Zooxanthellae algae
•Inside the sac of each coral polyp lives a one-celled algae called Zooxanthellae.
•The algae gives off oxygen and other nutrients that the coral polyp needs to live and
in return the polyp gives the algae carbon dioxide and other substances the algae
needs.
•That is why coral reefs grow so near the surface of the water where it is the
sunniest--the algae need sunshine for photosynthesis.
#5 Coral Reefs have too many symbiotic relationships to list.
#6 Diatoms like number 9: Rhizoselenia
Have a stable symbiotic relationship with
the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria named
Richelia
#7The giant worm, Riftia pachyptila vs. sulfur and methane eating bacteria
•The giant tube worm has no digestive tube.
•First, by means of its branchial plume (purple in the photo), it absorbs the energetic
molecules contained in the fluid emitted by the hydrothermal vent as well as oxygen and
carbon dioxide present in sea water.
•These components are then transported, in the blood, as far as the bacteria which are
found in the interior of certain cells of the animal.
•Nourished the bacteria multiply and supply the organic matter which the tube worm needs
to live.
#8 Sea anemone and a crab
•The anemone attached to the shell provides camouflage, protection, and the
two invertebrates share food.
•In the wild, when the crab moves the anemone about the reef, it helps the
anemones disperse.
•When the crab outgrows its shell, it will leave it behind and find a new, larger
shell and transfer the anemone on to it or select a larger anemone.
#9 Cleaner fish are fish that provide a service to other fish species by removing dead skin
and parasites. These cleaner wrasses are cleaning parasites off a grouper.
#10 Did you know? The anglerfish's lighted lure glows with the help of millions of
bioluminescent bacteria.
The barnacles attach to the skin with a super-glue like stuff they secrete from a "cement
gland." Barnacles filter plankton from the water. Whether the barnacles bothers the whale
or not is up for debate. Scientists don't believe the barnacles provide any benefits for the
whale, but they probably don't hurt them either. Commensalism
Remora (several species in the family Echeneidae) commonly attach themselves to
sharks or ride their hydrodynamic bow wakes. In addition, they may eat parasites
off sharks. Parasitic or Maybe Commensalism
•Viruses are parasitic and require a host
to reproduce.
•Scientists have estimated that viruses
kill 40% of marine bacteria daily and
can be found in all species of ocean life.
Parasitism
The Herring worm is a parasite found most commonly in
herring fish. If a parasitic herring is eaten it is quite possible
that the worms will be transferred to the human. Most species
of fish have parasitic worms. Parasitism
Bibliography
Armbrust, Virginia E. and Keith A. Sverdrup. An Introduction to the World’s Oceans, 9th ed.
New York, New York: McGraw-Hill 2008
Anglerfish, Retrieved August 1, 2008, from
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/anglerfish.html
Gray Whale, Retrieved July 31, 2008, from
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/gray-whale.html
Viruses, Retrieved July 31, 2008, from
http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news/Ocean-virus-identified-in-human-bloodsamples-2353-1/
Barnacle, Retrieved July 31, 2008, from
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/Barnacle.html
Herring, Retrieved July 31, 2008, from
http://www.nefsc.noaa.gov/sos/spsyn/pp/herring/
Diatoms, Retrieved August 1, 2008, from
http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio07Tuat03-t1-body-d2.html
Coral Reef, Retrieved August 7, 2008, from
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/
Anemone Shrimp, Retrieved August 1, 2008, from
http://www.oceanfootage.com/stockfootage/Anemone_Shrimp
Coral Polyps, Retrieved August 1, 2008, from
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/students/coral/coral3.htm
Bibliography
Hermit Crab, Retrieved July 29, 2008, from
http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=16&cat=1898&articleid=2106
Herring Worm, Retrieved August 2, 2008, from
http://2305physicalocean.blogspot.com/2007/03/herring-worm.html
Riftia Worm, Retrieved August 3, 2008, from
http://www.planete-energies.com/content/features/biodiversity-deep-sea/symbiosis.html
Parasite, Retrieved August 2, 2008, from
http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/pubs/parasite.htm
Romora, Retrieved August 2, 2008, from
http://www.seaworld.org/animal-info/info-books/sharks-&-rays/behavior.htm