Transcript Chapter 2
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline Organizing the Diversity of Life Building Evolutionary Trees Systematist Biologist who studies relationships among groups of organisms Evolutionary trees Summary of the relationship of groups of organisms © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 2 3 Constructing Evolutionary Trees Determine the distance of relationship Similarity and differences Appearance Function Tips of branches Different species Common ancestors Branch points © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 4 5 5 6 6 Shared Derived Features Common ancestry Descendants share features Group of close relatives Each level has unique shared features © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 7 Convergent Features Shared features Not from common ancestor Evolved independently Example: Opposable thumb Panda versus chimpanzee © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 8 9 DNA Comparisons DNA is hereditary material Most accurate means of showing relationships Appearance and function based on DNA The genetic material serves as a blueprint for the characteristics © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 10 DNA and Characteristics Shared characteristics of DNA show relatedness between groups Able to compare groups that have little apparent similarities Example: comparing bacteria, plants, animals Show evolutionary relationships among many different groups © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 11 Predict the Biology of Organisms Evolutionary trees Can be used to help make predictions Based on shared derived features Prediction of characteristics and behaviors of related organisms © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 12 Prediction of Parental Care A behavior characteristic may be predicted based on the evolutionary tree © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 13 14 15 16 17 The Linnaean Hierarchy Classification system Carolus Linnaeus Levels from smallest to largest Species is lowest level Species grouped to form genus Scientific name Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Homo sapiens © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 18 Levels of Linnaean Hierarchy Seven levels © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 19 Highest Levels of Classification Two kingdoms Described by Linnaeus Plants and animals Other classifications Five Higher level: Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya to eight kingdoms © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 20 21 Tree of Life © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 22 Evolutionary Relationships Consider the mushroom, a fungus Is How about a yeast cell, also a fungus? Is it more like an animal or a plant? it more like a bacteria or an animal? Evolutionary trees Based on DNA Help us to see less noticeable relationships Important for understanding the nature and mechanisms of the organisms © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 23 Primate Evolutionary Tree Closest relatives to humans © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 24 Variations on the Tree of Life Horizontal gene transfer Genes moved between lineages © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 25 26 Changes in Evolutionary Trees Changes occur as more information is gathered Natural process of science Evolutionary trees serve as a base for hypotheses More information confirms or refutes ideas Evolutionary trees become more stable as information is gathered © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 27 Concept Quiz Which of the following is the most accurate method of determining relatedness? A. Common appearance B. DNA C. Common behavior © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 28 Concept Quiz If two species share a common characteristic, such as a long tongue, does that mean they evolved from common ancestors? A. Yes B. No © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 29 Concept Quiz According to this evolutionary tree, which of the following is the least related to the fungi? A. Bacteria B. Plants C. Animals © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 30 Biology in the News Sasquatch Sighting Reported in Yukon Hair found after sighting of Sasquatch DNA If analysis of the hair Perfect match with bison DNA Sasquatch is a bipedal ape-man How would it fit with Linnaean hierarchy? With primates? How could DNA match the bison if it’s a primate? © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 31 Terms Archaea Bacteria Class Convergent features Domain Eukarya Evolutionary tree Family Genus Horizontal gene transfer Kingdom Lineage Linnaean hierarchy © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 32 Terms Most recent common Systematist ancester Taxon Order Phylum Scientific name Shared derived features © 2009 W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. DISCOVER BIOLOGY 4/e 33 Discover Biology StudySpace http://www.wwnorton.com/college/biology/discoverbio4 34 Additional Art from Chapter 2 All art files from the book are available in JPEG and PPT formats on the Instructor Resource Disc 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49