Transcript Chapter 19

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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 19
Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Table of Contents
Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Objectives
• Identify the characteristics used to classify
kingdoms.
• Differentiate bacteria from archaebacteria.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Six Kingdoms of Life
• Living organisms are divided into six kingdoms and
are grouped according to their cell type, complexity,
and method for obtaining nutrition.
• Organisms are either prokaryotes, which have
prokaryotic cells, or eukaryotes, which have
eukaryotic cells.
• The cells of the organisms in four kingdoms have a
cell wall, which may be composed of different
materials. The cells of the organisms in one kingdom
do not have a cell wall.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Parts of a Cell Wall
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Six Kingdoms of Life, continued
• Organisms are either unicellular or multicellular.
• Many organisms are autotrophs. Autotrophs make
nutrients from inorganic materials.
• Many other organisms are heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs get nutrients by consuming other
organisms.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Six Kingdoms
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Kingdoms of Life
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Kingdom Characteristics
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Comparing Organisms That Are Unicellular
and Multicellular
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Three Domains of Life
• Biologists have adopted a classification system that divides all
organisms into three superkingdoms, or domains.
• The domain thought to be the oldest is Bacteria, which is
composed of the organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria.
• Archaea is the second prokaryotic domain and is also
composed of a single kingdom, Archaebacteria.
• A third domain, Eukarya, contains all four of the eukaryotic
kingdoms: Animalia (animals), Fungi (fungi), Plantae (plants),
and Protista (protists).
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Three Domains of Living Organisms
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Six-Kingdom System of Classification
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Bacteria
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Bacteria
Characteristics of Bacteria
• Bacteria have strong exterior cell walls made of
peptidoglycan, a weblike molecule complex made of
carbohydrate strands cross-linked by short peptide
bridges.
• Unlike the genes of eukaryotes and archaebacteria,
bacterial genes have no introns.
• The amino acid sequences of the ribosome proteins
and RNA polymerases found in bacteria differ from
those found in eukaryotes or in archaebacteria.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Characteristics of Bacteria
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Bacteria, continued
Kinds of Bacteria
• Bacteria are the most abundant organisms on Earth.
• Some bacteria cause disease. Other bacteria are
used by humans to process foods. Bacteria are used
to control agricultural pests, to produce various
chemicals, and to perform genetic engineering.
• Some bacteria are chemoautotrophs, some are
photosynthetic, and others are heterotrophic.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Archaea
Characteristics of Archaebacteria
• The cell walls of archaebacteria do not contain
peptidoglycan, as the cell walls of bacteria do.
• Archaebacteria contain lipids very different from
those of bacteria or eukaryotes.
• As with the genes of eukaryotes, the genes of
archaebacteria are interrupted by introns.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Archaea, continued
Kinds of Archaebacteria
• Methanogens obtain energy by combining hydrogen
gas, H2, and carbon dioxide, CO2, to form methane
gas, CH4.
• A group of extremophiles called thermophiles lives in
very hot places—up to 106ºC. Halophiles inhabit very
salty lakes that can be three times as salty as
seawater.
• Nonextreme archaebacteria grow in all the same
environments that bacteria do.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Origins of a Eukaryotic Cell
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Eukarya
Characteristics of Eukarya
• All eukaryotes have cells with a nucleus and other
internal compartments.
• True multicellularity, in which the activities of
individual cells are coordinated and the cells
themselves are in contact, occurs only in eukaryotes.
• Eukaryotes have a life cycle that involves sexual
reproduction.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Eukarya, continued
Kinds of Eukarya
• Protista contains both unicellular and multicellular
organisms, many of which are aquatic.
• Fungi are a group of heterotrophs that are mostly
multicellular. Fungi are composed of cells with cell
walls of chitin.
• Almost all plants are autotrophs and have cells
with cell walls composed of cellulose. All animals
are heterotrophs composed of cells that do not
have cell walls.
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Chapter 19
Section 1 Introduction to
Kingdoms and Domains
Kingdom and Domain Characteristics
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Objectives
• Contrast the terms colony and aggregate.
• List the characteristics of protists.
• List the characteristics of fungi.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity
Colonies
• Occasionally, the cell walls of bacteria adhere to
one another.
• These formations cannot be considered truly
multicellular, however, because few cell activities
are coordinated.
• Such bacteria may properly be considered
colonial. A colonial organism is a group of cells
that are permanently associated but that do not
communicate with one another.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued
Aggregations
• An aggregation is a temporary collection of cells that
come together for a period of time and then separate.
• For example, a plasmodial slime mold is a unicellular
organism that spends most of its life as single-celled
amoebas. When starved, however, these cells
aggregate into a large group.
• This weblike mass produces spores, which are then
dispersed to distant locations where there may be
more food.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued
True Multicellularity
• A multicellular organism is an organism composed
of many cells that are permanently associated with
one another.
• Multicellularity enables cells to specialize in different
functions.
• These cells grow and undergo differentiation, the
process by which cells develop a specialized form
and function.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Differentiation
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Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued
Complex Multicellularity
• The specialized cells of most plants and animals are
organized into structures called tissues and organs.
• A tissue is a distinct group of cells with similar structure and
function.
• Different tissues may be organized into an organ, which is a
specialized structure with a specific function.
• Various organs that carry out a major body function make up
an organ system.
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Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity, continued
Complex Multicellularity
Specialized cells form tissue that makes up an organ called the
lung. The lungs and other organs constitute an organ system.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Protista
• Members of the kingdom Protista, protists, are
defined on the basis of a single characteristic: they
are eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals.
• Many are unicellular; in fact, all single-celled
eukaryotes (except yeasts) are protists.
• Protists normally reproduce asexually by means of
mitotic cell division.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Protista, continued
Kinds of Protists
• Amoebas are protists that have flexible surfaces with
no cell walls or flagella; they move by using
extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopodia.
• Many protists, including autotrophs and heterotrophs,
move by using flagella.
• Diatoms are photosynthetic protists with unique
double shells made of silica, like boxes with lids.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Protista, continued
Kinds of Protists
• Algae are photosynthetic protists and are
distinguished by the kinds of chlorophyll they contain.
• Slime molds and water molds are often confused with
fungi because they aggregate in times of stress to
form spore-producing bodies.
• Sporozoans are nonmotile unicellular parasites that
form spores.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Fungi
• The bodies of fungi consist of long strands of cells
that are connected end to end and that share
cytoplasm.
• The slender strands of fungi are called hyphae.
• Like plants, fungi do not move from place to place.
Like animals, fungi are heterotrophs.
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Chapter 19
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Fungi, continued
Kinds of Fungi
• Zygomycetes form structures for sexual reproduction
called zygosporangia.
• Basidiomycetes include fungi that make mushrooms.
• Ascomycetes form sexual spores in special saclike
structures called asci.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Objectives
• Summarize the characteristics of organic
compounds.
• Compare the structures and function of different
types of biomolecules.
• Describe the components of DNA and RNA.
• State the main role of ATP in cells.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Plantae
• Plants are complex multicellular autotrophs; they
have specialized cells and tissues.
• Most plants have vascular tissue, which is made up
of specialized cells that play a role in transporting
water and dissolved nutrients.
• Plants are sources of food for humans and other
animals.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Vascular Tissue Systems in Plants
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Types of Plant Cells
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Plantae, continued
Kinds of Plants
• Plants without a well-developed system of vascular
tissues are called nonvascular plants. Mosses are the
most familiar example of nonvascular plants.
• Plants with a well-developed system of vascular
tissues are called vascular plants. Their larger, morecomplex bodies are organized into roots, stems, and
leaves.
• Most plants are vascular plants.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Parts of a Moss
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Plantae, continued
Kinds of Plants
• Ferns are the most common and familiar seedless
vascular plants. They reproduce with spores that are
resistant to drying.
• Gymnosperms are vascular plants that reproduce
using seeds but do not produce flowers.
• Most plants that produce seeds also produce flowers.
Flowering plants are called angiosperms.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Types of Seedless Vascular Plants
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Vascular Plants Without
Seeds
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Vascular Plants With Seeds
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia
• Animals are complex multicellular heterotrophs.
• Almost all animals (99 percent) are invertebrates;
that is, they lack a backbone.
• Of the more than 1 million living species, only about
42,500 have a backbone; they are referred to as
vertebrates.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Invertebrate
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Vertebrate
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kinds of Vertebrates
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia, continued
Kinds of Animals
• Animals can range in size from 0.5 mm (0.02 in.)
microscopic mites that live on your skin to enormous
whales, which are vertebrates, and giant squids,
which are invertebrates.
• The many kinds of animals can be roughly grouped
into six categories.
• Sponges are the only animals that do not have
tissues, but they do have specialized cells.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Sponges
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia, continued
Kinds of Animals
• Cnidarians are mostly marine animals; they include
jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.
• Mollusks have a saclike tissue called a coelom that
encloses internal organs. They include snails,
oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids.
• A variety of animals with cylinder-shaped bodies,
called worms, live in both aquatic and terrestrial
habitats.
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Cnidarians
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Mollusks
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Types of Mollusks
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia, continued
Kinds of Animals
• Arthropods have an external skeleton. They also have jointed
appendages, such as antennae and jaws. Two-thirds of all
named species of animals are arthropods, most of them insects.
• Echinoderms, a group of invertebrates includes sea stars, sea
urchins, and sand dollars.
• Vertebrates have an internal skeleton made of bone, a vertebral
column (backbone) that surrounds and protects the spinal cord,
and a head with a brain contained in a bony skull. Vertebrates
include mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Arthropods
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Types of Arthropods
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Characteristics of Echinoderms
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Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Types of Echinoderms
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Chapter 19
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia, continued
Ecological Roles
• Some animals are detritivores, animals that feed on
waste and dead tissue. Other animals, such as
buffalo that eat grass, are primary consumers.
• Many animals, such as humans, bears, and lions, are
secondary consumers that eat primary consumers.
• Finally, some animals, such as intestinal worms, act
as parasites and may cause disease in other
animals.
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
Use the phylogenetic tree of kingdoms below to answer
questions 1–3.
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protista and Fungi
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Eubacteria and Protista
Archaebacteria and Fungi
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Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Protista and Fungi
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
Eubacteria and Protista
Archaebacteria and Fungi
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. One reason Archaebacteria and Protista are placed
on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree is that
organisms in both kingdoms have similar
F.
G.
H.
J.
ribosomal proteins.
lipids in their cell membranes.
nuclear structures.
forms of multicellular organization.
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. One reason Archaebacteria and Protista are placed
on the same branch of the phylogenetic tree is that
organisms in both kingdoms have similar
F.
G.
H.
J.
ribosomal proteins.
lipids in their cell membranes.
nuclear structures.
forms of multicellular organization.
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which kingdoms are made up exclusively of
heterotrophs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Animalia and Protista
Animalia and Fungi
Fungi and Protista
Protista and Eubacteria
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Chapter 19
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which kingdoms are made up exclusively of
heterotrophs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Animalia and Protista
Animalia and Fungi
Fungi and Protista
Protista and Eubacteria
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