Transcript Cycles of Matter

Cycles of Matter
Unit 2: “Live and Let Die”
Chapter 3
Recycling in the Biosphere
• Energy flows in one direction.
• Organisms need more than just energy:
– water
– minerals
– life-sustaining compounds
• These resources are recycled within and
between ecosystems.
Law of Conservation of
Mass
• Matter is neither created nor
destroyed.
• Matter changes forms.
• Biological systems do not USE UP
matter, they TRANSFORM matter
into other forms.
Biogeochemical Cycles
• 4 Key Chemical Cycles Essential
for Living Organisms
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•
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Carbon
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Water
• These compounds must be in a
useable form for organisms.
The Carbon Cycle
• Carbon in the Oceans
• Many Marine Organisms make
Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3
• Marine sediments
• Bones
• Shells
• Decompose and release CO2
Carbon Cycle
• CO2 released into atmosphere
• Volcanic activity
• Human activity: burning fossil fuels
• Respiration
• Plants take in CO2 by photosynthesis
• Plants use carbon to build C6H12O6
• Carbs are passed on to consumers
• Recycled through decomposition
Carbon
Sugar
PhotosynthesisOxygen
Animals
Green Plants
Excretion
CO2
Water
Respiration
Consumption
The Nitrogen Cycle
• All organisms require nitrogen to
make amino acids.
• Amino acids are used to build
proteins.
• N2 makes up 78% of atmosphere.
• Ammonia (NH3) Nitrates (NO3-) and
Nitrites (NO2-) are found in the
wastes of organisms.
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrate is also found in fertilizers.
• Most organisms cannot use N2
gas.
• Only lightning, volcanic activity,
and certain bacteria can break
the bonds that hold N2 atoms
together.
Nitrogen Cycle
• Some bacteria that live in roots of
legumes convert N2 into NH3
• A process known as nitrogen
fixation.
• Other bacteria convert NH3 into
nitrates and nitrites.
Nitrogen Cycle
• Consumers eat producers and use
nitrogen in producers to make
proteins.
• Decomposers return nitrogen to soil
as ammonia.
• Other bacteria covert nitrates into
N2 gas through denitrification.
Nitrogen
MolecularNitrates
NitrogenAmmonia
Lightning
Absorption
Nitrobacteria
Denitrification
Legumes
Ammonification
Mushrooms
Bacteria
Nitrogen
Decay
Fixation
Excretions
Animals
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphorous is essential because
it is found in DNA and RNA.
• Phosphorous does NOT enter
the atmosphere.
• Phosphorous remains mostly in
rock, soil, and ocean sediments.
The Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphate is released when rocks
and sediments break down.
• Phosphate that is dissolved in
water is used by marine
organisms.
• Phosphate that is dissolved in
water is used by marine
organisms.
Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphates in the soil are absorbed
by plants.
• Phosphates get used to make
Nucleic Acids and other
biologically important compounds.
• Organic phosphates move through
the food web.
The Phosphorous Cycle
Erosion
Streams
Decay
Runoff
Sediment
Seepage
Excretions
Cyanobacteria
Protists
Consumption
Green Plants
Animals
Absorption
The Water Cycle
• Water moves between the ocean,
the atmosphere, and land.
• Evaporation—water changes
from liquid to gas
• Transpiration—evaporation
from leaves of plants
H2O
Clouds
Precipitation
Runoff
Condensation
Water Vapor:
Evaporation,
Respiration, Animal
and
and
Transpiration
Root
Uptake
Absorption/
Consumption