Transcript Document 314930

Ecology
Ecology
• Ecology-study of the interactions among
organisms and other organisms, their environment
(surroundings)
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Biosphere-Portions of the planet in which life exists
Lithosphere (geosphere)-rocks, minerals, soil, deposits
Atmosphere-any of the gaseous layer of our Earth
Hydrosphere-Water in any form, groundwater, surface
water, oceans
– Anthroposphere-human impact upon the Earth,
pollution
Spheres
• Geosphere (Lithosphere)
– Examples
– Interactions
• Hydrosphere
– Examples
– Interactions
• Atmosphere
– Examples
– Interactions
• Biosphere
– Examples
– Interactions
Levels of Organization
Important in Environmental Science
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Virus
Atoms
Tissue
Ecosystem
Prokaryotic/Organelles
Biosphere
Earth Planet
Molecules/Compounds
Quarks, Lepton, Neutrinos
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Populations
Eukaryotic
Organ Systems
Community
Organs
Eukaryotic Cells
Organisms / species
Biomes
Electrons,
Protons/Neutrons
Organization
• Quarks, Leptron,
Neutrinos
• Electrons
• Proton, Neutrons
• Atoms
• Molecules, compounds
• Virus
• Prokaryotic cells
/Organelles
• Eukaryotic cells
• Tissue
• Organs
• Organ Systems
Species/Organism
Ecosystem
Planet
Population
Biomes
Solar System
Community
Biosphere
Galaxy
Universe
Ecological Method
• Observing-Recording information and data
– Reimenschneider, Road Kill: Grandpa/Diary:
Diamondback Terrapins
• Experimenting-Testing hypothesis,
– Six legged frogs
– LD-50, concentration, exposure
• Modeling-Setting up models, computers or
simulations, using data or observations
– “Day After Tomorrow” scenario
Autotrophs
Producers
Heterotrophs, Consumers
Producers
Photosynthetic
-Plants
-Bacteria
-Algae
Chemosynthetic
Consumers
Primary consumers,
Herbivores
Secondary consumers,
Omnivores
Tertiary consumers,
Carnivores
Parasites
Decomposers,
Detritus feeders
Decomposers
Saprophytes
Detritovores
Autotrophs-Makes their own
organic matter from inorganic
nutrients and environmental Energy
sources
Producers
Photosynthetic
Plants
Photosynthetic
Bacteria
Chemosynthetic
Bacteria
Hetertrophs-Must feed on organic matter
for energy
Consumers
Primary Consumers
Herbivores
Decomposers
Detritus Feeders
Decomposers
Omnivores
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores
Parasites
Detritus Feeders
Autotrophs-Makes their own
organic matter from inorganic
Hetertrophs-Must feed on organic matter for en
trients and environmental Energy
sources
Producers
Decomposers
Consumers
Detritus Feeders
Photosynthetic
Plants, Tulips,
Oak, Grass,
Photosynthetic
Bacteria
Nostoc
Chemosynthetic
Bacteria
E.Coli,
Primary Consumers
Herbivores, Cows, Mice Decomposers
Omnivores Bears,
Bacteria, Fungi
Humans, Pig, fish, birds
Secondary Consumers
Carnivores, Wolves, Detritus Feeders
Earthworms, Beetles
Parasites
Tapeworms, Malaria,
roundworms
Energy Flow
• The Ultimate source of energy on Earth is
the SUN.
• Autotroph-Organisms that use energy from
the environment to fuel assembly of
complex compounds
• Producers Organisms that makes their own
energy
– Photosynthesis is the conversion of solar
energy into carbohydrates.
– Chemosynthesis conversion of the energy
stored in inorganic compounds
Imagine
• 2 liters of water is all the sunshine an area gets
• 1-2% Passed to Producers(100 ml)
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the Herbivores,
or 1st order consumers
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the Omnivores,
or 2nd order consumers
• 10 % of that energy is passed to the carnivores,
or 3rd order consumers.
• Compare this to a Pyramid, shape and what
happens at each level.
Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis-conversion of solar energy
into carbohydrates
• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts
• Plants, algae, bacteria
• 6CO2 + 12H2O (chlorophyll sunlight) ->
C6H1206 +6 O2 + 6H20
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Light
Water
CO2
O2
Sugars
Respiration
• The process of cells using glucose to
produce Energy and CO2
• In higher organisms the Mitochondria is the
site of oxidation/reduction reactions
• The energy of the glucose is converted into
chemical bonds in Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
• Overall formula C6H12O6 + O2
Mitochondria -> CO2 + H2O+ Energy
Chemosynthesis
• Chemosynthesis-Organisms that convert
bond energy into complex molecules
(carbohydrates)
• Bacteria convert Iron into Iron oxide (rust)
Consumers / Heterotroph
• Heterotrophs, Consumers-organisms that must intake food
• Herbivores-Primary Consumers-organisms that only eat
plants
• Carnivores-Second or Third Order Consumers, organisms
that only eat meat
• Omnivores-all eaters
• Detritovores-organisms that eat dead or decaying material,
earthworms
• Decomposers- Organisms that break down dead or
decayiong material
• Saprophyte-organism that breaks down dead organisms, or
decaying material
Energy Examples
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1.Decomposers2.Producer
3.Heterotrophs,
4.Detritovores5.Herbivores6.Carnivores7.Omnivores8.Second or Third Order Consumers
9.Consumers10.Autotroph
11.Primary Consumer
12.Saprophyte-
Energy Definitions
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1.Decomposers2.Producer
3.Heterotrophs,
4.Detritovores5.Herbivores6.Carnivores7.Omnivores8.Second or Third Order Consumers
9.Consumers10.Autotroph
11.Primary Consumer
12.Saprophyte-
Relationships
• Symbiosis 2 organisms living together
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Parasite / Host / Vector (+, -, 0)
Mutualism (+ +)
Commensalism (+ 0)
Amensalism (0 0)
Scavenger-Animal that eats dead or dying
organisms
– Predator / prey (+ -)
Relationships
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
• Predator/prey
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Tapeworms/humans
Termites /flagellates
Remora/sharks
Lynx/hare
Flea/dog
Lichen
Bees/Apple trees
Moose/wolves
E.coli/humans
Energy
Consumed
Heat
Energy for
Digested
Metabolism Wastes
Growth, Repair
Undigested
Wastes
Not Consumed
Consumed-eaten
Digested-broken down
Not consumed-bones, hooves,
hair
Undigested-excreted
Wastes-spit, bile, biliverden
Feeding Relationships
• Food Chains-a simple link of producer to
consumer. A relative list of who eats who
• Food Webs-Food chains put together
• Trophic Levels-Consumers that are eaten by
other consumers and the levels they occupy
in a food web
Food Web
Snake
Bird
Frog
Grasshopper
Grass
Decomposers
1.How many Food chains are in the food
web?
2.What organism is an herbivore?
3.What organism is an autotroph?
4.What organism is a third order
heterotroph?
5.Which organisms belong to more than
one food chain?
6.Which organism is an omnivore?
7.Which organism belongs to more than
one trophic level?
8.What are decomposers?
9.What does a pyremid of energy show
about the amount of energy available at
different levels?
10.Why do different trophic levels have
different amounts of energy?
Food Web
Snake
Bird
Frog
Grasshopper
Grass
Decomposers
1.How many Food chains are in the food
web?
2.What organism is an herbivore?
3.What organism is an autotroph?
4.What organism is a third order
heterotroph?
5.Which organisms belong to more than
one food chain?
6.Which organism is an omnivore?
7.Which organism belongs to more than
one trophic level?
8.What are decomposers?
9.What does a pyramid of energy show
about the amount of energy available at
different levels?
10.Why do different trophic levels have
different amounts of energy?
Ecological Pyramid
• The Pyramid shape is due to the fact that
less and less is passed to the next level.
• Energy Pyramid-amount of energy in the
organisms and how they get their energy
• Biomass Pyramid-the dry organic matter
• Pyramid numbers-how many organisms are
at each level
Cycles in Nature
• Biogeochemical cycles
• The cycles show how materials cycle
through our Earth, through living organisms
and abiotic factors.
• In accordance with the Law of conservation
of matter. Matter is not created or
destroyed but transfer to another type.
Rock Cycle
• Rock over time be converted from one type to
another.
• Igneous-magma as it cools crystallizes, and
hardens.
• Sedimentary-when sediments collect and harden
over time by pressure and heat.
• Metamorphic-when a rock is altered by natural
processes to form a different type of rock.
• Processes
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Erosion
Heating/cooling
Pressure
Compaction/cementation
Water Cycle
• Water is the most important chemical on Earth.
• Water has unique properties and is vital for life.
Over 70 % of the Earths surface is water.
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Evaporation
Condensation
Sublimation
Transpiration
Nutrient Cycles
• Nutrients are used to build tissue, and carry
out life processes. Vitamin, minerals small
amounts needed everyday.
• Material is limited in a usable state, and
must be recycled, and used again and again.
• In a terrestrial ecosystem Nitrates are the
limiting factor.
• In an aquatic ecosystem, Phosphate are the
major limiting factor.
Odyssey
• X: Limestone ->BurOak
(root, flower, acorn)->deer
-> Indian -> Soil >Bluestem (root, Leaves) > Deer-Mouse nest -> soil
-> sideoats (granma) ->
buffalo (chip) -> soil >spiderwort ->rabbit->
owl ->Sporobolus ->
FIRE ->
Carbon Cycle
• Sometimes called a Carbon Oxygen cycle.
• Life on Earth is carbon based.
• CO2 in the air, CO2 water
Nitrogen cycle
• Nitrogen is the major limiting factor for
terrestrial plants. Up to a point this seems
to be the factor that determines if plants
reach their maximum potential (maximum
size, productivity)
• Nitrogen fixation
• Denitrofication
Phosphorous Cycle
• Phosphorous is the major limiting factor for
aquatic plants.
• Phosphorous has no gas phase.