Transcript Water pollution (Miller Chap 19)

No electronic rights for this image.
Fig. 19.1, p. 476
Slide 1
Water
Quality
Do (ppm) at 20˚C
Good
8-9
Slightly
polluted
6.7-8
Moderately
polluted
Heavily
polluted
Gravely
polluted
4.5-6.7
Below 4.5
Below 4
Fig. 19.2, p. 478
Slide 2
Types of
organisms
Clean Zone
Decomposition
Zone
Septic Zone
Normal clean water organisms
(Trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
Trash fish
(carp, gar,
Leeches)
Fish absent, fungi,
Sludge worms,
bacteria
(anaerobic)
Recovery Zone
Trash fish
(carp, gar,
Leeches)
8 ppm
Clean Zone
Normal clean water organisms
(Trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
8 ppm
Concentration
Dissolved oxygen
Oxygen sag
Biological oxygen
demand
2 ppm
Direction of flow
Point of waste or
heat discharge
Time of distance downstream
Fig. 19.3, p. 479
Slide 3
Water
0.000002 ppm
Herring gull
124 ppm
Phytoplankton
0.0025 ppm
Herring gull eggs
124 ppm
Lake trout
4.83 ppm
Zooplankton
0.123 ppm
Rainbow smelt
1.04 ppm
Fig. 19.4, p. 481
Slide 4
Discharge of untreated
municipal sewage
(nitrates and phosphates)
Nitrogen compounds
produced by cars
and factories
Discharge of
detergents
( phosphates)
Discharge of treated
municipal sewage
(primary and secondary
treatment:
nitrates and phosphates)
Lake ecosystem
nutrient overload
and breakdown of
chemical cycling
Dissolving of
nitrogen oxides
(from internal combustion
engines and furnaces)
Natural runoff
(nitrates and
phosphates
Manure runoff
From feedlots
(nitrates and
Phosphates,
ammonia)
Runoff from streets,
lawns, and construction
lots (nitrates and
phosphates)
Runoff and erosion
(from from cultivation,
mining, construction,
and poor land use)
Fig. 19.5, p. 482
Slide 5
Fig. 19.6, p. 483
Slide 6
CANADA
Nipigon Bay
Jackfish Bay
Thunder Bay
Silver Bay
St. Mary’s R.
St. Lawrence R.
Spanish R.
St. Louis R.
MICHIGAN
Penetary Bay
Sturgeon Bay
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
Saginaw
Bay
Niagara Falls
NEW
Saginaw R.
Grand R.
System
Niagara R.
St. Clair R. Thames R.
Buffalo R.
Detroit R.
Rouge R.
Raisin R.
Ashtabula R.
Cuyahoga R. PENNSYLVANIA
Maumee R.
Rocky R.
Black R.
MINNESOTA
IOWA
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
YORK
OHIO
Great Lakes drainage basin
Most polluted areas, according to the Great Lakes Water Quality Board
“Hot spots” of toxic concentrations in water and sediments
Eutrophic areas
Fig. 19.7, p. 484
Slide 7
Industrial
pollution
Suffocated
fish
Beaches
closed
Sewage
runoff
Dead algae
Low
dissolved
oxygen
Mercurytainted fish
Decreased fish
population
Fig. 19.8a, p. 485
Slide 8
Suburban
sprawl
Clear
water
PCB’s in
sediment
Lower
water
levels
High
dissolved
oxygen
Thriving fish
population
Fig. 19.8b, p. 485
Slide 9
Waste lagoon,
pond, or basin
Hazardous
waste
injection
well
Mining
site
Water
pumping
well
Pumping
well
Road
salt
Buried gasoline
and solvent
tanks
Sewer
Landfill
Cesspoll,
septic
tank
Leakage
from faulty
casing
Unconfined freshwater aquifer
Groundwater
Confined freshwater aquifer
Groundwater flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Fig. 19.9, p. 487
Slide 10
Contaminated Probability
10 to 20 percent
Greater than 20 percent
Not tested
Fig. 19.10, p. 488
Slide 11
Industry
Nitrogen oxides from autos
and smokestacks; toxic
chemicals, and heavy
metals in effluents flow
into bays and estuaries.
Cities
Toxic metals and
oil from streets and
parking lots pollute
waters; sewage
adds nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Urban sprawl
Bacteria and
viruses from sewers
and septic tanks
contaminate shellfish
beds and close
beaches; runoff
of fertilization from
lawns adds nitrogen
and phosphorus.
Closed
beach
Construction sites
Sediments are washed into waterways,
choking fish and plants, clouding
waters, and blocking sunlight.
Farms
Run off of pesticides, manure, and
fertilizers adds toxins and excess
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Red tides
Excess nitrogen causes explosive
growth of toxic microscopic algae,
poisoning fish and marine mammals.
Closed
shellfish beds
Oxygen-depleted
zone
Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic metals
contaminate shellfish beds,
kill spawning fish, and
accumulate in the tissues
of bottom feeders.
Healthy zone
Clear, oxygen-rich waters
promote growth of plankton
and sea grasses, and support fish.
Oxygen-depleted zone
Sedimentation and algae
overgrowth reduce sunlight,
kill beneficial sea grasses,
use up oxygen, and degrade habitat.
Fig. 19.11, p. 489
Slide 12
Mississippi
River Basin
Ohio
River
Missouri
River
Mississippi
River
LOUISIANA
Mississippi
River
Depleted
Oxygen
Gulf of Mexico
Fig. 19.12, p. 490
Slide 13
Cooperstown
NEW YORK
PENNSYLVANIA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Harrisburg
NEW
JERSEY
MARYLAND
Baltimore
WEST
VIRGINIA
Washington
DELAWARE
Richmond
VIRGINIA
Drainage
basin
Norfolk
Chesapeake Bay
No oxygen
Low concentrations
of oxygen
Fig. 19.13, p. 490
Slide 14
Septic tank
Nonperforated
pipe
Manhole (for
cleanout)
Household
wastewater
Perforated
pipe
Distribution
box
(optional)
Drain
field
Vent pipe
Gravel or
crushed
stone
Fig. 19.14, p. 494
Slide 15
Secondary
Primary
Bar screen
Grit
chamber
Settling tank
Aeration tank
Settling tank
Chlorine
disinfection tank
To river, lake,
or ocean
Raw sewage
from sewers
(kills bacteria)
Sludge
Activated sludge
Air pump
Sludge digester
Sludge drying bed
Disposed of in landfill or
ocean or applied to cropland,
pasture, or rangeland
Fig. 19.15, p. 494
Slide 16
Effluent from
Secondary
treatment
Alum
flocculation
plus sediments
Activated
carbon
Desalination
(electrodialysis
or reverse osmosis)
98% of
suspended solids
90% of
phosphates
Nitrate
removal
Specialized
compound
removal
(DDT, etc.)
To rivers, lakes,
streams, oceans,
reservoirs, or industries
98% of
dissolved
organics
Most of
dissolved salts
Recycled to land
for irrigation
and fertilization
Fig. 19.16, p. 495
Slide 17
(1) Raw sewage drains by
gravity into the first pool
and flows through a long
perforated PVC pipe into
a bed of limestone gravel.
(3) Wastewater flows through
another perforated pipe
into a second pool, where
the same process is repeated.
Sewage
Treated
water
Wetland type
plants
First concrete pool
Wetland type
plants
45 centimeter
layer of limestone
gravel coated with
decomposing bacteria
(2) Microbes in the limestone gravel
break down the sewage into
chemicals, that can be absorbed
by the plant roots, and the gravel
absorbs phosphorus.
Second concrete pool
(4) Treated water flowing from the
second pool is nearly free of
bacteria and plant nutrients.
Treated water can be recycled
for irrigation and flushing toilets.
Fig. 19.17, p. 497
Slide 18