Transcript Chapter 1: The Microbial World and You

THE MICROBIAL
WORLD AND YOU
CHAPTER 1
Dr. Reitano
Suffolk County Community College
GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Bio 244
Course Description

Introduction to microbiology by a survey
of methods, tools, and techniques used in
studying many groups of bacteria and
other microorganisms and application of
this knowledge in physical and chemical
____________ of microorganisms.
_________ of microorganisms to disease
and ___________ is discussed.
(2.5 hours of lecture, 4 hours of lab per week)
MICROBIOLOGY
The study of
microorganisms, or
microbes
How microrganisms
are related to all
other ____________
on this planet,
including humans
MICROORGANISMS
Minute, living
organisms*
Individually________to
be seen by the unaided
eye*
Require special
techniques in order to
be examined*:
 _________
 culture
 incubation
Major Groups of Microorganisms
_________
_________
_________
Protozoa
Algae
_________
_________
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MICROORGANISMS and MAN
HARMFUL EFFECTS

Disease
_____________
West Nile Virus*
Hepatitis
Swine Flu-H1N1
______________
_____ hemorrhagic fever*

Viral
___________
___________ Disease
MRSA*
Syphilis
Escherichia coli 0157:H7*
Salmonella food poisoning
Thrush
Athletes’ Foot
Cryptosporidiosis*
_____________
Amebiasis
________
Parasitic
*EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES


Bacterial
_______________
Sour milk
Bread mold
______________
Mold infestation
_________________
Bacterial and fungal
degradation of sculptures,
books, frescoes and
paintings
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MICROORGANISMS and MAN
• _____________ EFFECTS
–
–
–
–
Basis of the food chain in oceans, lakes and rivers
Recycle carbon and nitrogen in atmosphere
______________ organic and nonorganic waste
Photosynthetic microorganisms are a major source of _________ and
organic matter
– ________________ in humans and animals
– Commercial production of chemicals
•
•
•
•
•
Acetone
Organic acids
_________________
Alcohol
_________________
– Food production
•
•
•
•
______________ beverages
Bread
_______________
Yogurt
– Vectors in genetic engineering
– Tools in research
– Pest control
Diatom (an example of a photosynthetic
microorganism)
http://www.techcommjournal.org/archive.php?articleID=33
Normal _____________
Microorganisms normally present in
or on the body
• Normal microbiota prevent growth of
__________
• Normal microbiota produce growth
factors such as ____________________
Normal
microbiota
on ____________
BENEFITS OF MICROBES:
___________________
Microbe:
____________
acidophilus
Acidophilus
sp. bacteria
break down
sugars and
carbohydrates
in milk,
resulting in
yogurt. This
process is
called
fermentation.
Microbe:
Xanthomonas
campestris
Bacterium.
Produces a
slimy outer
coating called
xanthan.
Xanthan is
used as a
thickening and
stabilizing
agent in many
products
including
water-based
paints and
cosmetics.
Microbe:
_____________ sp.
Soil bacterium.
Produces
streptomycin, an
antibiotic used to
treat infections.
Fungi and bacteria
produce powerful
antibiotics such as
penicillin and
tetracycline. These
are drugs used to
fight bacteria that
cause disease.
Microbe:
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Known as
Baker's Yeast
because it is
used to make
bread rise. This
fungus also
breaks down the
natural sugars in
grains or other
starchy
ingredients into
carbon dioxide
and ethanol
(called
_____________).
(a..
Microbe Product:
Enzymes
Billions of
microbes are
grown in giant
fermenting tanks.
Their enzymes are
used for making
hundreds of
products including
soy sauce, beer,
wine, cheese,
chewing gum,
leather goods,
paper, laundry
detergent, and
even the stonewashed look on
blue jeans.
BENEFITS OF MICROBES:
_____________________
Microbe Involved:
_______________
These bacteria eat methane
gas and are used to clean
up hazardous waste dumps
and landfills. They make an
enzyme that breaks down
more than 250 pollutants
into harmless molecules.
By piping methane into the
soil, we can increase the
number of methanotrophs
that normally live in the
polluted soil. More
methanotrophs results in
less pollution.
Microbe Involved:
Bacillus
thuringiensis
Bacillus
know
thuringiensis is also
know as "Bt." This
common soil
bacterium acts as a
natural pest-killer in
gardens and on
crops.
?
Microbe Involved:
Pseudomonas
putida
This
pseudomonad
cleans ________
from sewage
water at water
treatment plants.
BENEFITS OF MICROBES:
_________________ DNA TECHNOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING
SCOPE of MICROORGANISMS
First living organisms on the planet
Live everywhere on the planet
More numerous than any other kind of organism
Bacteria appeared approximately 3.5 _____ years ago
Cowen “Microbiology”
_____________ EXPERIMENT
CHARACTERISTICS of PROKARYOTIC
VERSUS EUKARYOTIC ORGANISMS
____KARYOTIC
 Simple
 No “true”
__________
 No membranebound organelles
 Include:
___________
ARCHAEA
___KARYOTIC
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


More complex
_______ present
Membrane-bound
organelles
Include:
FUNGI
___________*


Protista
Animalia
ALGAE
PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC
MICROORGANISMS
Bacteria
Archaea
eg.: E. coli
(in a hot spring)
Algae
(algal bloom)
Fungi:
Mold
Helminths
Protozoa
eg.: amoeba
Yeast
CLASSIFICATION of ______________
_____________MICROORGANISMS:
Kingdoms and Domains
The three-domain system
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
The six-kingdom system
Bacteria
Archaea
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
The traditional five-kingdom system
Bacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF BACTERIA
______________
Unicellular
Peptidoglycan (PG) containing cell
wall
Reproduce through ___________
Energy sources include:
 ____________ compounds
 Inorganic compounds
 Photosynthesis
Motility common
 Usually via ____________
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF __________
Prokaryotic
Cell wall


Not always present
Lack peptidoglycan
Found in extreme environments

Methanogens
found in swamps and bogs

______philes
live in environments with high salt concentrations

_________philes
live in hot, sulfurous springs (Yellowstone
National Park hot springs)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTS OF
_________
_____________
Cell walls contain _________
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Examples:

Unicellular ______
Small, oval cells
Larger than bacteria

Multicellular ________
Mycelia – cotton-like growth or mass
Hyphae – long filaments making up mycelia
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF __________:


_____________
___________
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Motile via: (not all)
 Pseudopods – extensions of cytoplasm
 Flagella – long whip-like structures
 ____ – numerous, short, hair-like structures
General Characteristis of _________
Multicellular
Not microscopic (except pinworms
and larval forms)
Medically significant
Include roundworms and flatworms
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF ________
Eukaryotic
Unicellular or multicellular
_______________

Major source of oxygen in the environment
Cell walls made of cellulose
Reproduce sexually or asexually
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF __________
Smallest of the microorganisms
________________
Reproduction through multiplication in
__________ host cells
Important in disease and molecular
research
NOMENCLATURE:
The __________of Organisms
Established by Carolus _________ in 1735
Each organism is assigned two names:

Genus
First name
First letter is capitalized
All letters are underlined

species
Second name
All letters are lowercase
All letters are underlined
Names may be based on:


Morphology – color, shape, size, arrangement
Discoverer – scientist
Examples:


Staphylococcus aureus
Escherichia coli
‘EARLY HISTORY’ of MICROBIOLOGY
1665: Robert _________ described cells.
1668: _____ - disproved the theory of
spontaneous generation
1673: van Leeuwenhoek- observed
bacteria through simple, single
lens microscope
1735: Linnaeus - developed system of
nomenclature
1798: ______ - developed first vaccine
‘GOLDEN AGE’ of MICROBIOLOGY
1857: _______ -fermentation
1861: Pasteur -disproved
spontaneous generation
1862: pasteurization
1867: ______-aseptic surgery
1876: Robert Koch- identified a bacterium as
the cause of anthrax, thereby
validating Germ Theory of Disease
1884: Gram – Gram Stain
1887: Petri – Petri dish
1890: ______ - theory of immunity
KOCH’S __________________
KOCH’S POSTULATES
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1. The same pathogen must be present in
all cases of disease.
2. The pathogen must be isolated from a
diseased host and grown in pure culture in
the laboratory.
3. The pathogen from the pure culture,
when innoculated into a healthy laboratory
animal, must cause the same disease.
4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from
the experimentally infected animal.
MILESTONES in 20th CENTURY
MICROBIOLOGY
1912: Paul __________ - discovered effective
cure for syphilis. Salvarsan is the first
specific chemotherapeutic agent for a
bacterial disease.
1928: Alexander ________ - discovered penicillin
produced by the Penicillium mold and
described its effect on gram-positive
bacteria.
• 1940s: “Antibiotics Era” is launched with a major
revolution in public health
and medicine. With ______ and ______,
Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize
in Medicine and Physiology in 1945.
http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/timeline3.aspx
MILESTONES in 20th/21st
CENTURY MICROBIOLOGY
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1960s: Paul ____: Recombinant DNA - animal
DNA was inserted into bacterial DNA,
and the bacteria produced an animal
protein.
1969: Delbrück, Hershey, Luria - Viral
__________________
1977: Hastings and Nealson – intercellular
communication(quorem sensing) in
bacteria
1997: Prusiner – ____________
2005: Marshall and Warren – Helicobacter
pylori and ulcers