Transcript Section 1 The Cycles of Matter Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Cycles in Nature
Preview
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Concept Mapping
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
Bellringer
What are the three different physical states in which
water can commonly be found on Earth? Name one
way that you use water in each of these states in
your daily life.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
Objectives
• Diagram the water cycle, and explain its
importance to living things.
• Diagram the carbon cycle, and explain its
importance to living things.
• Diagram the nitrogen cycle, and explain its
importance to living things.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Water Cycle
• The movement of water between the oceans,
atmosphere, land, and living things is known as
the water cycle.
• How Water Moves During evaporation, the
sun’s heat causes water to change from liquid to
vapor.
• In the process of condensation, the water vapor
cools and returns to a liquid state.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Water Cycle, continued
• The water that falls from the atmosphere to the land
and oceans is called precipitation. Rain, snow,
sleet, and hail are all forms of precipitation.
• Most precipitation falls into the ocean.
• The precipitation that falls on the land and flows into
streams, rivers, and lakes is called runoff.
• Groundwater is precipitation that seeps into the
ground and is stored between or within rocks.
Groundwater slowly flows back into the soil,
streams, rivers, and oceans.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Water Cycle
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Water Cycle, continued
• Water and Life Without water, there would be no
life on Earth. All organisms, from bacteria to
animals and plants, are composed mostly of
water.
• Water helps transport nutrients and waste within
an organism.
• Water helps regulate temperature.
• All water taken in by an organism is eventually
returned to the environment.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Carbon Cycle
• Besides water, the most common
molecules in living things are
molecules that contain carbon.
• The exchange of carbon between the
environment and living things is
known as the carbon cycle.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Carbon Cycle, continued
• Photosynthesis and Respiration During
photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide
from air to make sugars.
• Most animals get the carbon and energy they
need by eating plants. Plants and animals break
down sugar molecules to release energy in a
process called respiration.
• Respiration uses oxygen and releases
carbon dioxide and water back into the
environment.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Carbon Cycle, continued
• Decomposition and Combustions The
breakdown of substances into simpler molecules
is called decomposition.
• For example, when fungi and bacteria
decompose organic matter, carbon dioxide
and water are returned to the environment.
• Combustion is the process of burning a
substance, such as wood or fossil fuels
releases carbon.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Carbon Cycle
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Nitrogen Cycle
• Living things need nitrogen to build proteins and
DNA.
• The movement of nitrogen between
the environment and living things is
called the nitrogen cycle.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Nitrogen Cycle, continued
• Converting Nitrogen Gas Although about 78% of
the Earth’s atmosphere is nitrogen gas. Most
organisms cannot use nitrogen gas directly.
• Bacteria in the soil are able to change
nitrogen gas into forms that plants can use.
This process is called nitrogen fixation.
• Other organisms get the nitrogen they need
by eating plants or animals that eat plants.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Nitrogen Cycle, continued
• Passing It On When organisms die,
decomposers break down the remains.
• Decomposition releases a form of
nitrogen into the soil that plants can
use.
• Certain types of bacteria
in the soil
convert nitrogen to a gas, which is
returned to the atmosphere.
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
The Nitrogen Cycle
Chapter 3
Section 1 The Cycles of Matter
Many Cycles
• Other forms of matter on Earth also pass through
cycles. Many of the minerals that living cells need,
such as calcium and phosphorous, are cycled
through the environment.
• Each of the cycles is connected in many ways.
• Living organisms play a part in each of the cycles.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Bellringer
Imagine that you have been hired to oversee the
maintenance of a public forest. Answer the following
questions to describe how you would approach the task:
• How would you evaluate the health of the forest?
• What actions would you take to keep the forest
healthy?
• What factors might pose a threat to the health of
the forest? How would you prevent these factors
from causing harm?
Record your answer in your science journal.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Objectives
• Describe the process of succession.
• Contrast primary and secondary succession.
• Explain how mature communities develop.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Regrowth of a Forest
• Succession The replacement of one type of
community by another at a single place over a
period of time is called succession.
• The regrowth of a forest after a forest fire is an
example of succession.
• Succession takes place in all communities, not
just those affected by disturbances such as forest
fires.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Primary Succession
• Sometimes, a small community starts to grow in
an area where other organisms had not
previously lived.
• Over a very long time, a series of organisms live
and die on the rock. The rock is slowly
transformed into soil. This process is called
primary succession.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Secondary Succession
• Sometimes, a community is disturbed in some
way. If soil is left intact, the original community
may regrow through a series of stages called
secondary succession.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Ecological Succession
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Mature Communities and Biodiversity
• In the early stages of succession, only a few species
grow in an area. As a community matures, it may be
dominated by a well-adapted, slow-growing climax
species.
• The variety of species that are present in an area is
referred to as biodiversity. Having biodiversity helps
communities lessen the impact and spread of
disturbances such as insect invasions.
Chapter 3
Section 2 Ecological Succession
Mature Communities and Biodiversity,
continued
• Mature communities tend to have biodiversity. A
mature community simply has organisms that are well
adapted to live together in the same area over time.
Chapter 3
Cycles in Nature
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on
the next slide.
water cycle
decomposition
condensation
precipitation
carbon
combustion
carbon cycle
photosynthesis
Chapter 3
Cycles in Nature
Chapter 3
Cycles in Nature