Transcript Variety of Life - Madras College

Variety of Life
Madras College
Click on the boxes below to visit each section
Life Processes
Rich Task – Animals
in Captivity
Plants
Types of Microbe
Invertebrates
Observing Microbes
Vertebrates
Uses of Microbes and
Recycling Nutrients
Disease and Decay
• There are many
things which appear
to be alive, but, in
fact, are not.
• Eg. Why do you think
a plant or a car may
be alive?
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Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
• All living things need energy from their food.
• This is how all cells get their energy.
BACK
• All living things are members of their own species.
• Similar living things can be put into groups.
• This is called classification.
• There are 3 main groups of living things.
PLANTS
ANIMALS
MICROBES
Plants
• The following slides
deal with different
types of Plants.
Mosses
Ferns
Conifers
Flowering Plants
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Plants make their own food.
For this reason, plants are often referred to as Producers of food.
Animals are Consumers of food.
Plants make their own food by Photosynthesis.
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Sugar + Oxygen
Plants can be placed into 4 groups
• Live in damp places.
• Have thin leaves
which easily lose
water.
• Make tiny spores.
• Spores are carried by
the wind and grow
into new moss plants
• Have strong stems,
roots and leaves.
• Make spores on
underside of leaf.
• Have water-carrying
tubes in stem called
Xylem.
• Many are evergreen
with leaves like
needles.
• Have Xylem vessels.
• Make seeds which
are protected in
Cones.
• Produce Flowers.
• Have Xylem vessels.
• Make seeds inside fruits and
Berries.
BACK
• The following slides deal with different
types of animals.
Animals
Vertebrates
Invertebrates
• There are 4 basic groups of Invertebrate.
Invertebrates
Soft-bodied
Worms
Molluscs
Arthropods
• These include the
Jellyfish and Sea
Anemone.
• Have round bodies with
no definite head or tail
ends.
• Have tubeshaped
bodies.
• Some have
segments.
• Live in
habitats all
round the
world.
• Soft bodies,
but with a
shell.
• Include
Snails,
Slugs,
Clams and
Octopus.
• Live in
habitats all
round the
world
• Include
Insects,
Spiders,
Crabs and
Lobsters &
Centipedes
and
Millipedes.
• Have a hard
Exoskeleton.
• Have jointed
limbs.
• Continue slide show to learn about
Invertebrates in more detail or click ‘Back’
to return to index page.
BACK
Insects
Invertebrates
Arthropods
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Centipedes and Millipedes
Molluscs
Segmented Worms
Round worms
Flatworms
Starfish and Sea Urchins
Jellyfish & Sea Anemones
• Arthropods means
‘jointed legs’
• There are 4 groups
of Arthropod
• Insects
• Crustaceans
• Arachnids
• Centipedes and
Millipedes
• All Arthropods have
a hard outer
skeleton
(Exoskeleton)
• Insects have 3
main body parts:
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
• They also have
1 or 2 pairs of
wings
• There are
thousands
of different
species of
insects.
• Most
insects are
Beetles.
• Crabs and Lobsters
have 5 pairs of
walking legs, the
first pair adapted
into claws.
• Most are marine.
• Woodlice live on
land but only in
damp
environments.
• Arachnids include
spiders and scorpions.
• They have 4 pairs of
legs
• Body divided into
many segments.
• Centipedes have 1
pair of legs per
segment.
• Millipedes have 2
pairs per segment.
• These have a
soft body and
a shell.
• Body has no
segments
• Have long tubeshaped bodies
• Body divided into
segments
• Thin, tubular body.
• Found in most
habitats and are often
parasitic.
• Most are very small.
• Flattened body
with no
segments.
• The Tapeworm
looks like it has
segments, but
these are just
egg cases.
• Body divided
into 5 or more
sections
• Often have
spines and
chalky outer
skeleton.
• Jelly-like body
• Have stinging
tentacles
• Body not divided
into segments
BACK
Vertebrates
Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Birds
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Have fins
Have scaly skin
Breathe with gills
Live in water
Need water to breed
Lay eggs
Cold-blooded
• There are many types of
Amphibians living today
• Most can be placed in the
following groups
• Live on land and in
water
• Breathe using gills as
young and lungs as
adults
• Moist soft skin
• Need water to breed
• Lay eggs in water
• Cold-blooded
• Amphibians gave
rise to reptiles.
• Today, these can
be classified into
the following
groups.
• Dry, scaly
skin
• Cold-blooded
• Do not need
water to
breed
• Lay eggs on
land
• Warm-blooded.
• Have fur.
• Give birth to live
young.
• Suckle their young
• Echidna (Spiny
anteater) and
Platypus lay eggs
• Warm-blooded
• Have scales and
feathers
• Lay eggs
BACK
You are the head Zoo Keeper at
Edinburgh Zoo and have the reputation
of being able to look after animals that
other zoos cannot.
You are working late taking care of an
injured tapir and have not had any sleep .
Meanwhile…………
3.00am
On an
– Somewhere
anonymousoff
tipthe
off east
UK Customs
coast of Scotland…….
intercept a
suspicious cargo ship
Shortly afterwards you receive the
following message……
Important message…… requires
immediate action
We have an emergency. Customs have intercepted a
shipment of animals being smuggled into the country.
The animals have been handed over to the zoo and need
to be taken care of.
There are a lot of animals which are rare and require
special care. They are also interesting and would make
good specimens that the public would love to come and
see in your zoo.
The animals have been taken good care of but are in
small cages.
There is no paper work and we can’t return them to the
wild.
Your task, should you decide to accept it, is to……
Find out as much as you can about one of the animals and
to design a cage or enclosure which would allow them to
live a healthy life.
We also need you to provide information to be included
on a sign by the cage which will give some information
about the animal ( an example is given ).
Cave for bear to
shelter
A mate
Mmm! a
dietary
supplement ?
High, vertical wall to
keep the public safe.
Crikey
!
A variety of places
to go to prevent
boredom
Meat to eat
‘Toys’ to play with
Water to drink
Deep pool for the polar
bear to swim
Common
Name
Polar Bear
Latin
Name
Ursus maritimus
Information
Distribution
Habitat Arctic Ice flows in winter
near shore in summer.
Food and Predators
They have no natural
predators and eat mainly seals.
Polar bears are the largest species of bear
and are the largest land carnivore.
Males
Females
Body length
240-260cm
190-210cm
Weight
400-600kg
200-300kg
Interesting
Facts
Polar bear fur is not white !!
It is hollow.
Are They Endangered ?
They are threatened by melting ice caps.
BACK
• The following slides deal with different
Microbes.
Microbes
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Simple
Organisms
• Very small
Microbes (5 million
on a pin head).
• Not technically
alive.
• Not affected by
antibiotics.
• HIV, Influenza and
common cold.
• Viruses need living cells to reproduce.
Virus inject host
cell with DNA
Cell dies and
releases Viruses
Cell is made to
produce more
Viruses
• Microscopic, but
larger than viruses.
• Many different
shapes.
• Some are useful eg.
Yoghurt production.
• Salmonella, Cholera,
‘Strep’ throat.
One bacterial
cell divides
and becomes
two.
These two
divide and
become four.
1st Cell
Division
2nd Cell
Division
Beginning with
one cell, how
many bacteria will
there be after 10
cell divisions?
• Some are large eg
Mushrooms.
• Many are useful eg
Mushrooms may
be edible and can
be used to make
Mycoprotein.
• Yeast is used to
make Bread, Beer
and Wine.
Euglena
Amoeba
Paramecium
• These are freeliving, singlecelled organisms.
• Some are
predators, some
have chloroplasts
and are like
plants.
• Others are
parasites eg
Malaria
BACK
Place a droplet of yeast in water on the slide. You may wish to
place a cover slip over the sample.
Now, examine the yeast cells under the Microscope
Yeast produces
Alcohol and
bubbles of
Carbon Dioxide
by the process of
Fermentation
Limewater –
turns cloudy
with Carbon
Dioxide gas.
Yeast, Sugar and Water
Fermentation is anaerobic respiration (respiration without Oxygen) in yeast.
(turns Limewater cloudy)
BACK
Fungi – Many mushrooms are edible. Yeast has several uses.
Bacteria – have several uses
• In 1928, Alexander
Fleming, a Scottish
scientist, noticed a
fungus growing on a
petri dish of Bacteria.
• He observed that
where the fungus
grew, the bacteria did
not.
• Something the fungus
was making was
inhibiting the bacteria.
• The fungus
was called
Penicillium
notatum.
• The
substance
killing the
bacteria was
penicillin.
• Later, scientists
Howard Florey and
Ernst Chain
developed this
penicillin into the first
Antibiotic.
• Thanks to this new
drug, millions of
troops worldwide
were saved from
disease and infection
during the second
world war.
Microbes (bacteria and Fungi) are responsible for recycling nutrients in the
environment. Without them, all other living things would eventually die.
This recycling of nutrients is done by DECOMPOSITION.
Predators
Herbivores
Wastes &
Death
Plants
Nutrients from
decomposition
used by plants
Decomposition by
Microbes
• Carbon and Nitrogen are found in all living
things.
• It is important that these elements are
recycled in the environment.
Carbon Dioxide
In air
Eating
Death and
Wastes
Decomposer
Microbes
In soil
Nitrogen-making
bacteria in plant
roots
Nitrogen in air
Nitrogen in
Animals
Eating
Nitrogenmaking
bacteria
Nitrogen in
Plants
Death and
Wastes
Nitrate-making
Bacteria
In soil
Uptake of
Nitrate by plants
BACK
• There are many diseases which are very
difficult to cure.
• Some Microbes have proved difficult to
destroy.
• They have earned the nickname
SUPERBUGS.
• These are a few which are resistant to
antibiotics.
• Staphylococcus
aureus.
• This bacteria can
be resistant to
many antibiotics.
• It is called multiple
resistance
staphylococcus
aureus or MRSA.
• Clostridium difficile.
• This causes very bad
swelling of the large
intestine and diarrhoea.
• Has shown resistance to
many antibiotics.
• Salmonella and
E. coli.
• Both can come
from
contaminated
food.
• 80% E.coli in
contaminated
meat show
resistance to at
least one drug.
• Human
Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV).
• Attacks the
immune system.
• No known cure.
• Anti-viral drugs do
help prolong life.
• Final stages of
infection is
Acquired Immune
Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS).
• There are
several
ways to
stop
Microbes
entering the
body.
Enzymes in
Tears
Mucus in
Windpipe
Skin
Acid in
Stomach
• In the blood.
• White Blood Cells – Some of these engulf and
destroy microbes.
• Other White cells make Antibodies which attach
to and help destroy microbes.
Antibodies
Bacteria
cell
Microbe-eating
white cell uses
antibodies to
eat bacteria
Antibodymaking white
cell.
Antibodies stick to
bacteria cell
• To become immune
against a disease, a
vaccine is injected into
your blood.
• The vaccine is made
from a dead microbe.
• Your white cells learn
how to destroy it but
you don’t catch the
disease.
Dead bacteria destroyed!
If you are infected by the real
thing, you don’t catch the
disease.
• To stop the spread of infection, what
should you always do first?
• In hospitals.
• Fresh food will
‘go off’ if left
uneaten.
• Spoilage
organisms like
bacteria and
mould cause
this.
Microbes can spoil food by making it ‘go off’. We can stop microbes
growing and preserve our food in a number of ways.
Canning
Pickling
Freezing
Refrigeration
Salting
Drying
BACK