Transcript Document

Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology
Regents Biology
2006-2007
We have been manipulating DNA
for generations!
 Artificial breeding

creating new breeds of animals & new
crop plants to improve our food
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Animal breeding
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Breeding food plants
 “Descendants” of the wild mustard

the “Cabbage family”
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Breeding food plants
Evolution of modern corn (right) from
ancestral teosinte (left).
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A Brave New World
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The code is universal
 Since all living
organisms…



use the same DNA
use the same code
book
read their genes
the same way
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TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGATGCCGCGACTATGATC
ACATAGACATGCTGTCAGCTCTAGTAGACTAGCTGACT
human genome
CGACTAGCATGATCGATCAGCTACATGCTAGCACACYC
GTACATCGATCCTGACATCGACCTGCTCGTACATGCTA
3.2
billion
bases
CTAGCTACTGACTCATGATCCAGATCACTGAAACCCTA
GATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGAT
CATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGC
TCAATCAAACTCTTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGC
TGACTGATCATGACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCT
ATTACAGTACGATCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACA
TCGATCGATACTGCTACTGATCTAGCTCAATCAAACTC
TTTTTGCATCATGATACTAGACTAGCTGACTGATCATG
ACTCTGATCCCGTAGATCGGGTACCTATTACAGTACGA
TCATCCGATCAGATCATGCTAGTACATCGATCGATACT
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Can we mix genes from one creature
to another?
YES!
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Mixing genes for medicine…
 Allowing organisms to produce new
proteins

bacteria producing ____________________

bacteria producing ____________________
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How do we do mix genes?
 Genetic engineering
find gene
 _______ DNA in both organisms
 _______ gene from one creature into other
creature’s DNA
 _______ new chromosome into organism
 organism _______ new gene as if it were its
own
 organism _______ gene as if it were its own
 _____________________________________:
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Remember: we all use the same genetic code!

Cutting DNA
 DNA “scissors”

____________________________

____________________________
 used by bacteria to cut up DNA of
attacking viruses
 EcoRI, HindIII, BamHI

cut DNA at specific sites
 enzymes look for specific base sequences
GTAACG|AATTCACGCTT
GTAACGAATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA|GTGCGAA
CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
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Restriction enzymes
 Cut DNA at specific sites

____________________________
restriction enzyme cut site
GTAACGAATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAAGTGCGAA
restriction enzyme cut site
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
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Sticky ends
 Cut other DNA with same enzymes


leave “sticky ends” on both
can glue DNA together at “sticky ends”
GTAACG AATTCACGCTT
CATTGCTTAA GTGCGAA
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gene
you want
GGACCTG AATTCCGGATA
CCTGGACTTAA GGCCTAT
chromosome
want to add
gene to
GGACCTG AATTCACGCTT
CCTGGACTTAA GTGCGAA
combined
DNA
Sticky ends help glue genes together
cut sites
gene you want
cut sites
TTGTAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCACGCTT
AACATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGTGCGAA
AATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCG
GATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAA
sticky ends
cut sites
isolated gene
chromosome want to add gene to
AATGGTTACTTGTAACG AATTCTACGATCGCCGATTCAACGCTT
TTACCAATGAACATTGCTTAA GATGCTAGCGGCTAAGTTGCGAA
DNA ligase joins the strands
sticky ends stick together
________________ DNA molecule
chromosome with new gene added
TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC
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CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
How can
bacteria read
human DNA?
Why mix genes together?
 Gene produces protein in different
organism or different individual
human insulin gene in bacteria
TAACGAATTCTACGAATGGTTACATCGCCGAATTCTACGATC
CATTGCTTAAGATGCTTACCAATGTAGCGGCTTAAGATGCTAGC
“new” protein from organism
ex: human insulin from bacteria
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
bacteria
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human insulin
Uses of genetic engineering
 Genetically modified organisms (GMO)

enabling plants to produce new proteins
 ___________________________: BT corn
 corn produces a bacterial toxin that kills corn
borer (caterpillar pest of corn)
 ___________________________: fishberries
 strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from
flounder
 ___________________________: golden rice
 rice producing vitamin A
improves nutritional value
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Bacteria
 Bacteria are great!
one-celled organisms
 reproduce by mitosis

 easy to grow, fast to grow
 generation every ~20 minutes
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Bacterial DNA
 Single circular chromosome
only one copy = haploid
 no nucleus

 ____________________!
___________
___________
_____________
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There’s more…
 Plasmids
small extra circles of DNA
 carry extra genes that bacteria can use
 __________________________________

 bacterial sex!!
 rapid evolution = antibiotic resistance

can be picked up
from environment
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How can plasmids help us?
 A way to get genes into bacteria easily
insert new gene into plasmid
 insert plasmid into bacteria = _________
 bacteria now expresses new gene

 bacteria make new protein
gene from
other organism
cut DNA
plasmid
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recombinant
plasmid
+
vector
glue DNA
transformed
bacteria
Grow bacteria…make more
gene from
other organism
recombinant
plasmid
+
vector
plasmid
grow
bacteria
harvest (purify)
protein
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transformed
bacteria
Applications of biotechnology
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I’m a very special pig!
Got any Questions?
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2006-2007