Transcript Slide 1

NOSOCOMIAL
INFECTIONS
Phase 1: Testing the efficacy of
Nano-Mg (OH)2
Dorothea A. Dillman PhD, RN, CCRN, LNC
Nosocomial Infections
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The National Nosocomial Infection
Surveillance (NNIS) system through the CDC
defines it as a localized or systemic condition
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That results from adverse reaction to the
presence of an infectious agent(s) or its toxin(s)
And that was not present or incubating at the time
of admission to the hospital.
Nosocomial Infections
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Incidence
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5% - 10% of all acute-care hospitalizations;
¼ of nosocomial infections occur in ICUs
the incidence rate is 5 infections per 1,000
patient-days.
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Based on the 35 million patients admitted to 7,000
acute-care institutions in the United States, the
incidence of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) is more
than 2 million cases per year.
HAIs result in an additional 26,250 deaths (range
17,500-70,000) Data updated August 2007 by Quoc V Nguyen, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of
Pediatrics, New York State Health Department
Nosocomial Infections
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Mortality/Morbidity
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Nosocomial infections are estimated to more than
double the mortality and morbidity risks of any
admitted patient and probably result in as many
as 70,000 deaths per year in the United
States. This is the equivalent of 350,000 years of
life lost in the United States.
Data updated August 2007 by Quoc V Nguyen, MD, Assistant Professor,
Department of Pediatrics, New York State Health Department
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90,000 deaths/year
Weinstein RA. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:416-420.
Jarvis WR. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:170-173.
Nosocomial Infections
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Attributable annual cost: $4.5 –$5.7 billion
Cost per Infection
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Average nosocomial infection, mean cost = $13,973
Wound infections
$3,000 -$27,000
Sternal wound infection
$20,000 -$80,000
Catheter-associated BSI
$5,000 -$34,000
Pneumonia
$10,000 -$29,000
Urinary tract infection
$ 1,962
Nettleman M. In: Wenzel RP, ed. Prevention and Control of
Nosocomial Infections, 4thed. 2003:36.
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Cost is largely borne by the healthcare facility, not 3rd party
Weinstein RA. Emerg Infect Dis 1998;4:416-420.
payors
Jarvis WR. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:170-173.
Nosocomial Infections
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Nosocomial infections by pathogen:
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Staphylococci
Pseudomonas
Escherichia coli
Antibiotic-resistant nosocomial infections
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Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA)
Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)
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70% are due to antibiotic-resistant organisms
Burke JP. New Engl J Med 2003;348:651-656.
Safdar N et al. Current Infect Dis Reports 2001;3:487-495.
Nosocomial Infections
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Studies show that ~70% of bacteria that
cause nosocomial infections are resistant to
at least one antibiotic commonly used to treat
them.
According to the CDC's National Nosocomial
Infection Surveillance System (NNIS system),
multidrug- resistant pathogens have become
increasingly problematic in recent years,
especially in the critical care setting
Nosocomial Infections
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The CDC estimates that ~36% of nosocomial
infections can be prevented if health care
workers adhere to specific infection control
guidelines when caring for patients
In 1985, the CDC's study on the Efficacy of
Nosocomial Infection Control reported that
hospitals reduced infection control rates by
approximately one third when the following 4
key infection control components were
implemented
Infection Control
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4 key infection control components:
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An effective hospital epidemiologist
An infection control practitioner for every 250 beds
An active surveillance mechanism
Ongoing control efforts
Controlling Nosocomial Infections
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Guidelines for Environmental Infection
Control in Health-Care Facilities\
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www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/Enviro_g
uide_03.pdf
The scientific community has published a
vast amount of information and guidance
related to nosocomial infection surveillance.
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When healthcare workers fail to recognize or
prevent practices that contribute to HAI,
surveillance techniques are ineffective.
Controlling Nosocomial Infections
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Bacteria grow wherever there is air, dust, and
moisture and the patient care environment
continues to be ideal for providing readily
available pathogens.
Developing additional means to protect
patients when practice techniques fail may
significantly reduce the incidence of
nosocomial infections.
Controlling Nosocomial Infections
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Research Plan
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Utilizing a product throughout the patient
environment that will destroy and prevent the
growth of infecting pathogens.
Utilizing delivery methods that will make the
product easy to use for complete coverage.
The product must be safe to handle and safe for
all sensitive, electronic equipment.
Feasibility Study
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Phase 1: Feasibility study on the anti-pathogenic
behavior of nano-Mg (OH)2
Experimental Design
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Demonstrate efficacy of nano-Mg (OH)2 against common
nosocomial organisms
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Staphylococci, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Clostridium
Difficile, Klebsiella, Serratia, Candida Albicans
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),
Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycinresistant enterococci (VRE)
Use same concentrations as Dr. Yulin Deng in his
experimental study of nano-Mg (OH)2 on E-coli