Transcript Classification - Dr. Annette M. Parrott

What is Biology?
Why do we study Biology?
How can we make learning biology
(the study of living things) easier?
Classification
Science is tentative…
3 Domains of Life
Archae
Eu karya
Bi nomial nomenclature
• The 2 word naming system for
classifying living organisms. Written in
Latin.
• “Scientific name”
– Genus species (capitalized & lower case)
– Homo sapiens or
Homo sapiens
• What is the correct classification of the
domestic dog?
A. Canis Domesticus
B. Canis domesticus
C. Canis domesticus
D. Canis domesticus
E. canis Domesticus
F. canis domesticus
Classification of Organisms
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Biologists classify all organisms into large
categories called domains. There are 3
domains that are further classified into
kingdoms
A kingdom consists of a collection of closely
related phyla (singular phylum).
A phylum is a group of related classes.
A class is a group of related orders.
An order is a group of closely related
families having common characteristics.
A family is a group of closely related genera
(singular genus). Most genera are similar;
some have noticeable differences.
A genus is a group of closely related species.
For example, the oak genus consists of pine
oak, white oak, and many other oak species.
Species is the basic (smallest) unit in the
classification of organisms. It is a kind of
organism, such as a dog or a sugar maple
tree.
Biologists do not agree on a single
classification system. For example, some
classify organisms into three, four, or five
kingdoms.
What is a species?
Species agroup of
organisms that can
reproduce and
have fertile
offspring
What is a dichotomous key?
• Dichotomous keys are commonly used to
determine the genus and species of a
specimen.
• They are particularly useful when many
species look alike.
Choose your own adventure…
• What would you do if…
… your flight to Paris was taken over by
hijackers?
• If you volunteer yourself to be their hostage in
order to save the other passengers go to page
112
• Or if you wait to see what they would do go to
page 239
Review
• Organization is the systematic grouping of things to
show interrelationships.
• To develop an organizational outline, start with the
largest category and subdivide into smaller
categories.
• Classification, or taxonomy, is a systematic
arrangement of organisms into categories based on
their characteristics and interrelationships.
• Classification simplifies the identification and study
of organisms according to their characteristics.
Select The Letter Of The Correct
Answer From The List Below:
A. species
B. class
C. Kingdom
D. Category
E. genus
F. Taxonomy
G. Domain
1. The largest category of classification is called a _________________.
2. A system of classifying organisms is called _________________.
3. The most specific category for classifying an organism is a ________________.
4. In any organizational plan, start with the largest _________________.
Review
Domain Eu karya
Kingdom
Major Characteristics
Animal
Ingestive hetero trophic, multicellular, lack cell walls
and chlorophyll.
Plant
Usually auto trophic, cell walls (cellulose), can be
multicellular/unicellular.
Protist
Autotrophic/heterotrophic, usually unicellular, some
form colonies, some have cell walls (pectin).
Fungi
Absorptive heterotrophic, lack chlorophyll, have cell
walls (chitin).
Bacteria
Archae
Eukarya
Archae
Bacteria
All unicellular
Bacteria
Formerly known as Monerans
Extremophiles
“ancient” organisms
Most closely related to Eukarya
Prokaryotes
Common ancestor 3.5bya
Usually live on and in human body
Circular chromosome
Cell walls of peptidoglycan
Growth inhibited by antibiotics
All Domains
All living organisms
All have the 10 COL
Susceptible to viruses
Most closely related to each other
Grow best at “body” temperatures 37oC
Membranes have unbranched hydrocarbons
Common ancestor more recent than 3.4bya
Found in nonextreme environments
Human beings
All eukaryotic: membrane bound organelles
4 Kingdoms: protista, fungi, animalial, plantae
Visible with naked eye
Can be multicellular
Eukarya
Cladograma branching tree used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships
1. Which 2 organisms separated the
longest ago? Shark and
ornithischian
2. What is the closest “relative” to a
human on this cladogram? Wha
le
3. What do you think the red dots on
the cladogram represent? They
are extinct
4. Which 2 groups separated earlier:
tuna and ornithischian or bird and
sourischian? tuna and
ornithischian
5. Which is less related: a whale and
a crocodile or the crocodile and
ornithischian? whale and a crocodile
1. Which 2 organisms are the most
related? B & C
2. How long ago did A & D split? 3
mya
3. Which organism is most related
to G? F
4. Which 2 organisms are the
LEAST related? A & G
5. Which 2 organisms are MORE
related: D & E or E & G? E & G
6. Which 2 organisms are LESS
related: A & D or D & F? D & F
7. Which 2 organisms split 8 mya?
A&G