Transcript Presentazione di PowerPoint

1
Sylvia S. Mader
Immagini e
concetti
della biologia
2
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
B6 Biotechnology
and genomics
3
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cleave and repair DNA are used to
manipulate and recombine DNA.
Restriction enzymes, naturally used by bacteria as
defense against bacteriophages, cut DNA into smaller
pieces.
Restriction enzymes cut DNA
at specific base sequences
called restriction site.
4
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Recombinant DNA
DNA fragments can be rejoined, by DNA ligase in
bacterial plasmids, to form a new molecule of
recombinant DNA (rDNA).
5
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Recombinant DNA
rDNA can be used either to clone genes or to make a
specific protein.
Gene cloning
Bacteria takes the
recombinant plasmid
Protein production
The altered host cell is called transgenic or genetically modified
organism (GMO).
6
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
PCR
Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) it is
possible to obtain copies of a specific sequence of DNA.
PCR uses:
•DNA-polymerase, an
enzyme that makes copies of
the DNA strand;
•Free Nucleotides, to create
the new strand.
7
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
PCR
PCR is the basis for many important DNA analysis as DNA
fingerprint and evolutionary studies.
PCR-base DNA fingerprint use to determine paternity.
8
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically Modified Organisms
Recombinant DNA technologies produce genetically
modified bacteria to manufacture medical and commercial
products (as insulin) and perform specific services (as
water treatment).
9
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically modified plants
Future objective for genetically modified crops
10
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically modified plants
Genetic engineering is also used to increase plant
resistance to harsh environments (drought, frost, acid,
salt).
11
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically modified plants
Genetically modified plants, as Solanum tuberosum, are
also developed to improve pest resistance to the potato
bug (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).
12
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Are GM foods safe?
Countries have different regulations for GMO and the
derived food commerce and cultivation.
Long-term problems related to GMO could be:
•Environmental risks
•Ecological impact
•Health and allergies risks
•Impact on biodiversity
13
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically modified animals
Animals are genetically engineered to exalt specific traits
or obtain useful products:
•GM animals can produce pharmaceuticals
•GM mice are bred for human disease research
•Xenotransplantation (animals as organs donor in
transplantation)
14
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Genetically
modified animals
Genetically engineered
animals are often used to
obtain female mammal clones
able to produce a specific
product as the human growth
hormone.
15
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Human Genome Project
Human genome has been sequenced in “Human Genome
Project” (HGP). The order of about 3x109 bases contained
in the human DNA has been determined.
Genome sizes of humans and other sequenced species
16
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Human gene
therapy
Gene therapy is used to
modify abnormal genes and
can be done in two ways.
1. ex vivo - anomalous cells
are removed, treated and
reinserted into the body.
2. in vivo - the gene is
delivered directly into the
body.
17
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Future genetics
Because of the HGP, new and safer
medicines will be available and genetic
disorders may be corrected.
Based on the genetic profile of a single
person, personalized therapies will be more
available.
18
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Proteomics and bioinformatics
Proteomics is the study of the structure, function and
interaction of cell proteins. The human proteome is the
complete collection of proteins that humans synthesize.
Bioinformatics is the application of computer
technologies to the study of the genome.
19
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012
Functional and comparative genomics
One aim of functional genomics is to discover how genes
work in order to produce differentiated cells and tissues.
Comparative genomics focuses on determining how
species are related and the function of genes and
noncoding regions.
20
Sylvia S. Mader Concepts of Biology © Zanichelli editore, 2012