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How to Use This Presentation • To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” • To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. • From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. • From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. • You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Resources Bellringers Chapter Presentation Transparencies Standardized Test Prep Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Classification Table of Contents Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Bellringer Think about the different ways humans classify things. In your science journal, list at least five things that humans classify. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Objectives • Explain why and how organisms are classified. • List the eight levels of classification. • Explain scientific names. • Describe how dichotomous keys help in identifying organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Why Classify? • Answering Questions The classification of living things makes it easier for biologist to answer many important questions such as: 1. How many known species are there? 2. What are the defining characteristics of each species? 3. What are the relationships between these species? Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out How do Scientists Classify Organisms? • Classification Today Taxonomists use the eight-level system to classify living things based on shared characteristics. • Branching Diagrams On a branching diagram, several characteristics are listed along the line that points to the right. Each characteristic is shared by the animals to the right of it. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Levels of Classification • Kingdoms and Beyond The eight levels of classification are: 1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Scientific Names • One Species, One Name A scientific name is always the same for a specific kind of organism no matter how many common names there might be. • Two-Part Names The first part of a species’s name is the genus name. It is always capitalized. The second part of the name is the species name. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Dichotomous Keys • What Is a Dichotomous Key? A dichotomous key is a tool for identifying organisms that uses a series of paired descriptive statements. • Two-Part Names By working through the statements in a dichotomous key in order, a person can eventually identify an unknown organism. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 1 Sorting It All Out A Growing System • Still Discoveries to Make People are still discovering and classifying organisms. • Discovery Unique Organisms Sometimes new organisms are found that are so different from other known organisms that new classes, phyla, and so on must be formed. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Bellringer List seven musical artists, bands, or acts. Categorize the names on your list by style of music. Describe in your science journal the categories you chose and explain which bands might fit into more than one category. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Objectives • Explain how classification developed as greater numbers of organisms became known. • Describe the three domains. • Describe four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms What Is It? • What Is Used to Classify Organisms? Organisms are classified by their characteristics. • Adding New Classification Categories As scientists continue to learn about living things, they add classification categories that account for the characteristics of different organisms. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Two Kingdoms of Bacteria • The Domain Archaea Archaea are one of two kinds of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. Most are known to live in extreme environments. • The Domain Bacteria Bacteria are another kind of prokaryote. Bacteria can be found in soil, water, and even on and inside the human body. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya • The Kingdom Protista Today members of the kingdom Protista commonly called protists, are single-celled or simple multicelluar organisms. • Protista contains many kinds of organisms, including protozoans, algae, and euglenoids. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Domain Eukarya, continued • The Kingdom Fungi Molds and mushrooms are examples of the complex, multicelluar members of the kingdom Fungi. • Fungi do not perform photosynthesis or eat food. Instead, fungi absorb nutrients from substances in their surroundings. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Kingdom Plantae • Plants The kingdom Plantae consists of organisms that are eukaryotic, have cell walls, and make food through photosynthesis. • Examples of Plantae Sequoia trees, roses, grasses, ferns, and more are all examples of members of the kingdom Plantae. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms The Kingdom Animalia • Animals The kingdom Animalia contains complex, multicellular organisms that don’t have cell walls, are usually able to move around, and have specialized sense organs. • Examples of Animalia Ants, beetles, lizards, fish, birds, apes, elephants, and more are all examples of members of the kingdom Animalia. • Simple Animals Most animals are able to move, but sponges, a simple animal, cannot move. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Classification Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide. kingdom species class classification family scientific name order taxonomy phylum Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Classification Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Classification Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. End of Chapter 9 Show Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation Reading Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 1 When organizing life on Earth into categories, we must remember that organisms are not equally distributed throughout the categories of our classification system. We often think of Earth’s living things as only the plants and animals that live on Earth’s surface. However, the largest domains in terms of mass are the domains Archaea and Bacteria. And a common home of archaea and bacteria may be deep within the Earth’s crust. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. In the passage, what does distributed mean? A divided B important C visible D variable Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. In the passage, what does distributed mean? A divided B important C visible D variable Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, what are most of the organisms living on Earth? F plants G animals H fungi I archaea and bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. According to the passage, what are most of the organisms living on Earth? F plants G animals H fungi I archaea and bacteria Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A All organisms are equally distributed over Earth’s surface. B Plants are the most important organisms on Earth. C Many bacteria may live deep within Earth’s crust. D Archaea and bacteria are equally distributed over Earth’s surface. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following statements is a fact according to the passage? A All organisms are equally distributed over Earth’s surface. B Plants are the most important organisms on Earth. C Many bacteria may live deep within Earth’s crust. D Archaea and bacteria are equally distributed over Earth’s surface. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation Passage 2 When you think of an animal, what do you imagine? You may think of a dog, a cat, or a parrot. All of those organisms are animals. But the animal kingdom also includes some members that might surprise you, such as worms, insects, corals, and sponges. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. In the passage, what is coral? A a kind of animal B a kind of insect C a color similar to pink D an organism found in lakes and streams Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. In the passage, what is coral? A a kind of animal B a kind of insect C a color similar to pink D an organism found in lakes and streams Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What can you infer from the passage? F All members of the animal kingdom are visible. G Parrots make good pets. H Not all members of the animal kingdom have DNA. I Members of the animal kingdom come in many shapes and sizes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. What can you infer from the passage? F All members of the animal kingdom are visible. G Parrots make good pets. H Not all members of the animal kingdom have DNA. I Members of the animal kingdom come in many shapes and sizes. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following can you infer from the passage? A Worms and corals make good pets. B Corals and cats have some traits in common. C All organisms are animals. D Worms, corals, insects, and sponges are in the same family. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. Which of the following can you infer from the passage? A Worms and corals make good pets. B Corals and cats have some traits in common. C All organisms are animals. D Worms, corals, insects, and sponges are in the same family. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 4. In the passage, what does members mean? F teammates G limbs H individuals admitted to a club I components Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 4. In the passage, what does members mean? F teammates G limbs H individuals admitted to a club I components Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation Interpreting Graphics The Venn diagrams below show two classification systems. Use the diagrams to answer the questions that follow. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. For Classification system A, which of the following statements is true? A All organisms in group 6 are in group 7. B All organisms in group 5 are in group 4. C All organisms in group 6 are in group 1. D All organisms in group 2 are in group 1. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. For Classification system A, which of the following statements is true? A All organisms in group 6 are in group 7. B All organisms in group 5 are in group 4. C All organisms in group 6 are in group 1. D All organisms in group 2 are in group 1. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. For Classification system A, which of the following statements is true? F All organisms in group 3 are in group 2. G All organisms in group 3 are in group 4. H All organisms in group 3 are in group 1. I All organisms in group 3 are in every other group. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. For Classification system A, which of the following statements is true? F All organisms in group 3 are in group 2. G All organisms in group 3 are in group 4. H All organisms in group 3 are in group 1. I All organisms in group 3 are in every other group. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. For Classification system B, which of the following statements is true? A All organisms in group 1 are in group 6. B All organisms in group 6 are in group 1. C All organisms in group 3 are in group 1. D All organisms in group 2 are in group 5. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 3. For Classification system B, which of the following statements is true? A All organisms in group 1 are in group 6. B All organisms in group 6 are in group 1. C All organisms in group 3 are in group 1. D All organisms in group 2 are in group 5. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 4. For Classification system B, which of the following statements is true? F All organisms in group 4 are in group 1, 2, and 5. G All organisms in group 4 are in groups 3 and 5. H All organisms in group 4 are in groups 5 and 6. I All organisms in group 4 are in groups 1, 5, and 6. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 4. For Classification system B, which of the following statements is true? F All organisms in group 4 are in group 1, 2, and 5. G All organisms in group 4 are in groups 3 and 5. H All organisms in group 4 are in groups 5 and 6. I All organisms in group 4 are in groups 1, 5, and 6. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 5. In Classification system B, which group contains organisms that are not in group 1? A2 B4 C5 D6 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 5. In Classification system B, which group contains organisms that are not in group 1? A2 B4 C5 D6 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation Math Read each question, and choose the best answer. Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Scientists estimate that millions of species have not yet been discovered and classified. About 1.8 million species have been discovered and classified. If scientists think that this 1.8 million makes up only 10% of the total number of species on Earth, how many species do scientists think exist on Earth? A 180 million B 18 million C 1.8 million D 180,000 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 1. Scientists estimate that millions of species have not yet been discovered and classified. About 1.8 million species have been discovered and classified. If scientists think that this 1.8 million makes up only 10% of the total number of species on Earth, how many species do scientists think exist on Earth? A 180 million B 18 million C 1.8 million D 180,000 Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Sequoia trees can grow to more than 90 m in height. There are 3.28 feet in 1 meter. How many feet are in 90 m? F 27.4 ft G 95.2 ft H 270 ft I 295.2 ft Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Chapter 9 Standardized Test Preparation 2. Sequoia trees can grow to more than 90 m in height. There are 3.28 feet in 1 meter. How many feet are in 90 m? F 27.4 ft G 95.2 ft H 270 ft I 295.2 ft Chapter menu Resources Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.