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What is the fundamental “unit” of biodiversity? Sturnella neglecta Ensatina eschscholtzii Sturnella magna Species • What is a species? Problems with the BSC Other Species Concepts 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Biological Species Concept Morphological species concept Evolutionary species concept Phylogenetic species concept Ecological species concept Operational species concept Cohesive species concept 26 “published” species concepts = 26 different definitions Scientific Classification Taxonomy Black mullet Sea mullet Stripped mullet Gray mullet Mugil cephalus Flathead mullet Linnaean Taxonomy ad majorem Dei Gloriamm "for the greater glory of God" Apis pubescens thorace subgiseo abdomine fusco pedibus posticis glabris utrinque margine ciliates Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis Felis catus Problems with this Classification System ≠ Examples Cladistics: a tool for hypothesizing evolutionary relationships This is a hypothesis! Considerations when inferring relationships http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRrIITcUeBM&feature=player_embedded#! Many trees “There are more possible trees for just 25 species than there are stars in the universe.” —Carl Zimmer Terminology Examples: monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic The need for a filing system Introduction to the domains Common ancestor of all eukaryotes Introduction to the Kingdoms Common ancestor of all living organisms Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Protista Animalia Common ancestor of all eukaryotes A complication! Common ancestor of all living organisms Fungi