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Imagine you are part of a discovery of a new species of fish. How would you know it was a new species? • What is a species? • What other characteristics would you look for? • What other characteristics does it have in common with known fish species? Classification • the grouping of objects or information based on similarities • Taxonomy: the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics http://www.ict4us.com/r.kuijt/images/en_taxonomy.gif Classification Aristotle: a Greek philosopher, was the first to classify organisms into two groups Two groups… hmmm. Group 1: Plants Shrubs Herbs Trees Plants • How are the plants grouped or classified? Size Structure Group 2: Animals Land Air Water Animals • How are the animals grouped or classified? Habitat Classification Video Classification • Linnaeus: used Latin (a dead language) to classify organisms by physical and structural similarities If it looks like a dog and it smells like a dog, then it must be a dog. Why Latin? Latin is a dead language, so it does not change. Linneaus Created BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE: a two-named naming system, bi = 2 Binomial Nomenclature Uses 2 Latin names to describe an organism • Scientific name (genus and species) • Ex. Humans: Homo sapiens Homo = same sapiens = wise Binomial Nomenclature – Genus always begins with CAPITAL LETTER – species always begins with lower case letter – If typed, in italics – If hand written, underlined Binomial Nomenclature • Write your name in binomial nomenclature One more thing… • Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary relationship based on similarities Taxonomic Levels • Domain Daring King Philip Came over for good spaghetti – Kingdom • Phylum –Class »Order • Family • Genus • Species Taxonomic levels of a lynx and human Domain: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: species: Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Lynx canadensis Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens Salamander Dichotomous Key • Tool for grouping organisms • 2 choices or questions for each step Salamander Classification Viruses • Non living particles-must have host to reproduce- parasitic • Smaller than bacteria • Have a chromosome ( DNA or RNA) • Can cause diseases: HIV, chicken pox, herpes, cancer • Can be helpful: flower color patterns, vaccines www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/3565.php How to prevent viral infection • Avoid others’ body fluids • Vaccine – ex. “Gardasil”, T-cells capture antigen, stimulate B-cells (WBC) to produce antibodies http://sabahkamal.files.wordpress.com/2007/03/v accine.jpg http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEC/CC/images/making_vaccines.gif Virus Video Virus Pandemic of 1918 Virus Reproduction Entry Attachment Assembly Lysis and Release Replication http://www.coachbrown.lunarpages.net/lytic-cycle.jpg • • • • HIV AIDS After exposure, virus hides in cells (as provirus) Can hide for years When triggered, ex. Stress, becomes lytic virus Causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Die from secondary infections, ex. Pneumonia http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/health/aids/images/AIDS_Map_Adults1.gif AIDS • Daily, 8,000 people die from AIDS related illnesses (3 million/year) • Treat bacterial infections with antibiotics • Treat HIV infection with antiviral drugs Bacterial Ubiquity • • • • • Are bacteria everywhere? Choose a location to swab. Inoculate an agar plate divided into quadrants. Incubate overnight Note growth (0 – 5, none – lawn) Quadrant 1 2 3 4 Location Tester Growth Bacteria • • • • • • • • Has a cell wall and capsule Has single circular chromosome May have a small circle of DNA called a plasmid. Prokaryotic – no nucleus Make toxins Diseases: strep throat, tetanus, tooth decay Can be killed with antibiotics Benefits: digest food, decomposer, medicine, make food-pickles, cheese, yogurt http://www.thebacteriabusters.com/E_coli_O157H7.jpg Bacteria - Shapes Rod Sphere Pair of spheres Chain spheres Cluster spheres Curved rod Spiral http://www.ncl.ac.uk/dental/oralbiol/oralenv/images/bactshapes.gif Bacterial Infections • Strep Throat – streptococcus • Anthrax – bacillus www.medscape.com/.../417394/artm5649.fig1.jpg • Lyme Disease – spirochete webs.wichita.edu/.../anthrax_pustule.jpg http://www.accessmedicine.com/loadBinary.aspx?name=licha&filename=licha_XI.021.jpg Bacteria – Asexual Reproduction: Fission http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bio s100/lecturesf04am/binfission.jpg Bacteria – Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week7/20f/Slide4.gif Bacteria Video • Created by S. Rodgers Bacterial Transformation • Using bacteria for our benefit • Add foreign DNA to a bacterium to make useful products • Cause bacteria to transform to new producers http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/real-transformer-movie-5.jpg Transformation • • • • Get host cells ready Add foreign DNA plasmid Let cells recover Allow cells to grow and produce desired protein • Collect protein for use, ex. Insulin (Insulin used to be made from a pig pancreas) http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/art/PigArt.jpg Transformation Lab Purpose: Add foreign DNA plasmid to bacteria to make them glow GFP = green fluorescent protein AMP = ampicillin (antibiotic) ARA = arabinose (sugar for protein synthesis) LB = luria broth (growth medium) + = pGLO plasmid (has GFP gene and ampicillin resistance) Transformation Lab E. Coli and LB only Expect: _____________________ E. Coli and LB, AMP, + Expect: _____________________ E. Coli and LB, AMP Expect: _____________________ E. Coli and LB, AMP, +, ARA Expect: _____________________ Kingdom Protista http://www.kidsbiology.com/i mages/protist.jpg http://volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/pleodo rina-californica.jpg Ameba http://www.edu.xunta.es/contidos/sec/bi oloxia/biosfera/alumno/1ESO/clasica/imax es/ameba.jpg Euglena Paramecium Volvox http://kdhellner.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent /sitebuilderpictures/.pond/protist.jpg.w300h2 23.jpg http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect20/paramecium _stained.jpg http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/images/hydrodictyon2.jpg Kingdom Protista • Most diverse organisms • Locomotion: Ameba uses pseudopods Euglena uses flagellum Paramecium uses cilia http://www.infovisual.info/02/ 001_en.html Protists • Named for their locomotion (how they move) • Have a contractile vacuole to remove excess water (homeostasis) • Can cause disease Protists Protist Locomotion Fungi • • • • Decomposers Used to make beer, wine, and bread Have a cell wall made of CHITIN Ex. Molds, mushrooms, yeast http://www.moldinspection.com/window%20mold%20 2.jpg http://www.glyn.dk/blog/uploaded_images/yeast732837.jpg Fungi Video