Insecticides
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Transcript Insecticides
Insecticides
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
Age
Best used when mixed, don’t store
after mixing
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
Thatch
Excessive thatch (>1/2”) binds
insecticide
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
UV degradation
Breaks chemical bonds
Biologicals most susceptible
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
pH impact
Neutral pH is best
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
Microbial degradation
Bacteria and fungi feed on organic
portion of pesticide
Can break down within hours
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Stomach poisons
Enter insect through the gut when
eaten
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Systemic poisons
Translocated within plants
Insects exposed when feeding
Most effective on piercing-sucking
insects
Receive greater dose
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Contact poisons
Enter body when insect walks over
treated surface
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Insect Growth Regulator (IGR)
Interferes with normal growth
Prevents molting (juvenile
hormones)
Very safe, delayed effect
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Biorational (Biological)
Beneficial fungi, nematodes or
bacteria
MODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisons: most
conventional
insecticides
a) Narcotics
Physical action in
nervous system
MODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisons
b) Synaptic
Interrupt synaptic transmission of
nervous system
Synapse (gap) is the junction
between a neuron and another cell
(muscle, gland, etc)
MODE OF ACTION
Nerve poisons
b) Synaptic
In central nervous system,
acetylcholine transmits an impulse
across synapse to next cell
Chemicals tie up acetylcholine and
cause malfunction
MODE OF ACTION
Muscle poisons
Disrupting muscle membrane
MODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicants
Horticultural Oil
Clog the spiracles that breathe
MODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicants
Insecticidal soap
Strips cuticle and dehydrates insect
MODE OF ACTION
Physical toxicants
Diatomaceous earth
Crushed fossils
Cut insects walking over it
Dehydrate
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Inorganic: lack carbon
Organic: possess carbon
Natural are produced from natural
substances: botanicals and oils
Synthetics are manmade
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
Pesticide rotation
Rotate chemical classes
Change mode of action (MOA)
http://www.irac-online.org/
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)
Unstable in light
Was most widely used insecticides
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
ORGANOPHOSPHATES (OP)
Malathion,
Diazinon and Chlorpyrifos (Dursban)
Cancelled
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CARBAMATES
Low persistence in environment
Noted toxicity to pollinators
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CARBAMATES
Carbaryl
Greatest use is
fruit production
Controls insects
and fruit-thinning
agent
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CARBAMATES
Carbofuran (cancelled)
Ineffective when used continuously
Microorganisms quickly degrade
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Most persistent insecticide class
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
DDT
Cancelled in US in 1973
Extremely stable
Resistant to MO, heat, and UV light
Fat solubility
Other classes broken down in animals by
enzymes
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
DDT: 2 characteristics for cancellation
1. Stability allows more to be taken up by
animals
2. Accumulates in body fat
Found traces in milk fat and in human body fat
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
DDT
Biomagnification
As predators consume organisms,
DDT accumulates in fat of predator
Thin egg shells, reproductive failure…
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS
Derived directly from plants
Organic gardening
Considered safer, some exceptions
Most are expensive and impractical
on commercial scale
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS
Pyrethrum
Extracted from Chrysanthemum
Wide spectrum and rapid knockdown
Breaks down rapidly in sunlight
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS
Rotenone
Second most used botanical
Extremely toxic to fish
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS
Rotenone
New research released in the United
States on Monday shows a link
between the use of two pesticides,
rotenone and paraquat, and
Parkinson's disease. People who used
either pesticide developed Parkinson's
disease approximately 2.5 times more
often than non-users.
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BOTANICALS
Neem
Oil from neem tree
Primarily repellent
Also medicinal and toothpaste
http://www.azasol.com/
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)
Replacing many older insecticides:
effective and safe
Synthetic pyrethrum
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
PYRETHROIDS (SYNTHETIC)
Permethrin
High toxicity at low rates
Quick knockdown
More stable
Permethrin, Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
PHENYL PYRAZOLES
Low mammalian toxicity
Very effective
Fipronil, season long control of ants
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
CHLORONICOTINYLS
Translocates within plant
Merit is absorbed through
roots
Suspected in CCD (bees)
Banned in Canada
Colony Collapse Disorder
(CCD)
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Adult bees fly off to die
Causes include parasites, viruses,
bacteria, poor nutrition and pesticides
No proof of cell tower
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)
Not substitute for conventional
insecticides
More scouting and repeat applications
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)
Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
Protein produced by Bt that damages
gut
Death in couple days
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)
Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
Varieties have specific host
Var. kurstaki kills caterpillars (Dipel)
Genetically modified corn contains
protein
Monarch butterflies?
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)
Bt (Bacillus thurigiensis)
Var. israliensis kills mosquitoes
MAJOR CLASSES OF ACTIVE
INGREDIENTS
BIORATIONAL (Biological)
Spinosad
Derived from bacterium
Effective flea control