Transcript Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and

Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University
and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno
Miroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová
MICROBIOLOGY
AND MEDICINE
February 16, 2009
What is the Medical Microbiology?
Medical microbiology = complex of sciences
about microorganisms (microbes) that are of
significance in medicine
Therefore, medical microbiology deals with:
a) microbes called pathogenic which cause
diseases of man or animals
b) microbes which form so called normal
microflora of human beings and animals
c) mutual relationships between microbes and
their host
d) relations between the microbes and the
environment
Different kinds of microbiology
Actually, there are two kinds of medical microbiology: human
and veterinary one
But most often medical microbiology is considered as a
science about microbes important for human medicine
only
A part of medical microbiology which deals with the etiology,
pathogenesis and diagnostics of diseases caused by
microbes is called clinical microbiology
Besides medical microbiology, there are:
Sanitary microbiology
Environmental microbiology (of soil, water, plants etc.)
Food microbiology
Other kinds of industrial microbiology
Division of microbiology
•
•
•
•
bacteria
micromycetes (moulds & yeasts)
(algae)
parasites
–
–
–
•
protozoa
helminths
arthropods
viruses
bacteriology
mycology
(algology)
parasitology
protozoology
helminthology
entomology
virology
general microbiology × special microbiology
Bacteria
Bacillus subtilis, photo: B. Skalka
Micromycetes (moulds & yeasts)
Aspergillus niger (left), Candida Albicans (right)
Parasites
Enterobius vermicularis, photo: M.Dvořáčková
Viruses
The chicken embryo (right), photo: M.Dvořáčková
What should we know about the
microbe X ? – I
1. Classification, morphology, structure
Is it a bacterium, a yeast, or a protozoon?
Bacterium: is it G+, G-, or does it stain
differently?
Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral?
How are they arranged? In pairs, chains, clumps,
palisades?
Do they produce spores, capsules, granules?
2. Physiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacity
Is it an anaerobe?
Has it got any important biochemical property?
Is it interesting from the point of genetics?
Is it tenacious, or delicate?
What should we know about the
microbe X ? – II
3. Antigenic structure
Does the microbe exist in one or several antigenic types?
4. Pathogenicity
Which disease or syndromes does it cause?
What are their Latin names?
5. Pathogenesis
What is the port of entry, dissemination through the body,
excretion from it?
How do the symptoms develop?
What are the main factors of pathogenicity?
6. Immunity
Does it form at all?
Transient, or lifelong? Humoral, or cellular one?
What should we know about the
microbe X ? – III
7. Epidemiology
Source of infection: man, animal, environment?
Way of transmission?
8. Prevention or prophylaxis
Do we vaccinate, or do we immunize passively?
Type of vaccine: attenuated, inactivated,
toxoid?
9. Therapy
What is the drug of choice?
If an antibiotic, which one?
What should we know about the
microbe X ? – IV
10. Laboratory diagnostics
•
•
Detection of the microbe – direct or indirect one?
If the direct one, what sample is taken from
the patient?
How is it examined?
If by culture, is a special medium needed?
How is the isolated strain identified?
If the indirect one, is a special serologic reaction
needed?
What is considered to be the positive result?
Anniversaries 2009 – I
335 1674 Protozoa first seen by van Leeuwenhoek
260 1749 * Edward Jenner, founder of vaccination
against smallpox
145 1864 Pasteur discovered that wine is spoiled by
microbes
130 1879 Neisser discovered gonococci
125 1884 Löffler & Klebs: agent of diphtheria
Eberth & Gaffky: agent of typhoid fever
Metchnikoff described phagocytosis
Gram described „Gram staining“
115 1894 Kitasato & Yersin: agent of plague
Anniversaries 2009 – II
90 1919 Bordet: Nobel prize for discovery of
BWR, complement, agent of pertussis
70 1939 Domagk: effect of sulphonamides on
gonococci
65 1944 Waksman discovered streptomycin
55 1954 Salk: inactivated vaccine against polio
Enders et al. grew poliovirus on cell culture
20 1989 Bishop & Varmus: Nobel prize for discovery
of cell origin of retroviral oncogenes
Recommended teaching material
1) Basic textbook
Greenwood et al.: Medical Microbiology,
17th Ed., 2007
Alternatives:
Murray et al.: Medical Microbiology
Mims et al.: Medical Microbiology
2) Lecture notes
3) List of questions
4) Protocols from practical exercises
+ www.medmicro.info
Thank you for your attention