Transcript cancer - Sports-Nerd

CANCER
The Nature of Cancer
Types of Cancer
Extent and Trend of Cancer
Risk Factors
Sociocultural, socioeconmic and
environmental determinants
High Risk Groups
The Nature of Cancer
A group of diseases that result when the process of
cell division becomes uncontrolled.
Cells multiply & form tumours.
Tumours can form and remain localised with no
threat of spreading = benign tumours.
Tumours with potential to spread uncontrollably
throughout normal cells and affect their functioning
= malignant tumours.
Metastasis = cancer cells breaking off and traveling
through body and causing new cancers to grow.
Types of Cancers
Depending on the location depends on its
classification.
Carcinoma – cancer of epithelial cells eg.
Skin, mouth, throat, breasts and lungs.
Sarcoma – cancer of bone, muscle or
connective tissue.
Leukaemia – cancer of the blood-forming
organs.
Lymphoma – cancer of the infection-fighting
organs.
Extent and Trends of CancerIncidence
2nd most common cause of death in Aus.
Approx. 28% of all deaths.
Highest incidence and mortality in the 65
years and over age group. 45.5% of deaths.
Trend = some cancers have declined while
others have increased.
Taking all cancers into consideration =
increase in incidence in last 20 years.
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Reasons for this increase include:
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Exposure to risk factors eg. UV rays.
Improvements in detection techniques.
Greater use of personal and medical
detection techniques eg. Self examination
of breasts and skin.
People less likely to die from other causes.
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Cancer incidence has increased BUT
mortality rates have decreased.
Rates for males have increased more
rapidly compared to females.
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Most common cancers in males
Prostate
 Colorectal (bowel)
 Lung
 Melanoma
Most common leading to death = lung
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Extent and Trends of Cancer
Cancers on the increase in males
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Melanoma
Liver
Prostate
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Cancers decreasing in males
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Lung (due to smoking rates decreasing)
Stomach (better diet & improved food
preservation)
Bowel (better diet & improved food
preservation)
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Most common cancers in females
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Breast
Colorectal
Melanoma
Lung (increased in women due to the
increased rate of smoking since the
1940’s).
Extent and Trends of Cancer
Cancers on decrease in females
Colorectal
 Stomach
 Cervical
Downward trends in breast & cervical cancer
deaths = improved treatments and
screening.
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Extent and Trends of Cancer Mortality
Most common cancers leading to death
include:
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Breast
Lung
Melanoma
Colorectal
Prostate
Extent and Trends of Cancer Mortality
Men have a higher risk of being
diagnosed and dying of cancer due to
food (less nutritious), smoking (higher
smoking rates), drinking habits (drink
more) and are exposed to higher risk
environments.
Due to an ageing population the cancer
rates are going to rise.
Activity
Inquiry pg 48 Outcomes 2
Extent and Trends of Cancer –
Lung Cancer
Leading cause of cancer death.
Female death rate increasing but still lower then
men.
Smokers 20 times more likely to develop lung cancer
than non-smokers.
Risk increases with the amount and time spent
smoking.
Children and adolescents are at risk as the lung
tissue is easily damaged.
10% of all cases occur in non-smokers caused by
environmental factors.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=o_BF8l-tT0g&feature=related
Extent and Trends of Cancer –
Breast Cancer
Most common cancer to cause death in
women. Affects 1 in 15 women.
The risk an incidence increases with age.
If cancer is caught early it is easier to treat
and are more likely to survive.
Breast self examination and mammographic
screening are vital to reduce mortality rates.
Media coverage of breast cancer diagnosis of Kylie
Minogue has raised awareness of Breast Cancer
Activity
Inquiry pg 49 Outcomes 2
Extent and Trends of Cancer –
Skin Cancer
Most common of all skin diseases and skin
cancer rates are the highest in the world.
Incidence has quadrupled in last 20 years
due to prolonged exposure to UV radiation.
Melanoma is most common in males and
females aged 10-59 years.
Condition could have been avoided by
utilising sun protection strategies.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zfOlIX-xdU
Risk Factors
Risk factors vary according to type of
cancer.
Risk Factors – Lung Cancer
Unmodifiable
- gender, age and family history.
Modifiable
- smoking, exposure to carcinogenic
chemicals (asbestos, lead).
- Smokers = 20 times more likely to
develop lung cancer.
Risk Factors – Skin Cancer
Major cause = exposure to UV rays.
Exposure to sunlight in childhood =
increased risk later in life.
Other risks include fair skin, large
number of moles, blue eyes, fair or red
hair. These are hereditary.
Risk Factors – Breast Cancer
Gender
Family history increases risk.
Lifestyle factors = obesity, late
maternal age at the time of the first
full-term pregnancy, high fat diet.
Others include: early onset
menstruation, late menopause, benign
breast disease.
Protective Factors – Lung Cancer
Avoid exposure to tobacco smoke and
hazardous materials such as asbestos
Protective Factors – Breast
Cancer
Diet low in fat and consumes high
amounts of fruits and vegetables.
Practice self examination
Regular mammograms if over 50
Protective Factors – Skin Cancer
Avoid sunlight
Wear hat, sunscreen, protective
clothing and sunglasses.
Sociocultural, socioeconomic and
environmental determinants – Lung
Cancer
Decreasing in males = lower smoking rates.
Attributed to education, effective health
promotion strategies & change in society’s
views.
Improved workplace safety codes &
equipment = less exposure to carcinogenic
chemicals.
Low socio-economic = more likely to be
employed in jobs that involve exposure to
dangerous materials.
Sociocultural, socioeconomic and
environmental determinants – Lung
Cancer
Increased rates in females.
Smoking in young females remains high.
WHY? Pursuing more male traditional
occupations. These are high powered jobs =
more stress. Can also present an image of
control. High profile women smoke and the
link between weight control & smoking.
Sociocultural, socioeconomic and
environmental determinants – Skin
Cancer
Incidence increasing = improved
education in detection.
Common, less harmful cancers being
recorded and treated more frequently.
Media can be guilty of promoting
healthy ‘tanned’ complexions.
Sociocultural, socioeconomic and
environmental determinants – Breast
Cancer
Increased incidence linked to changes
in family structure.
Marriage is later, therefore first
pregnancy is later. Delay is a response
to greater financial demands, desire for
females to focus on a career.
Sociocultural Determinants
People with family history of cancer are
more at risk.
ATSI have higher incidence of lung and
cervical cancer due to higher rates of
smoking and less access to health
services
Families who practice health promoting
behaviours are less at risk of cancer
Socioeconomic Determinants
Low SES or unemployed have higher death
rates as income limits health choices.
Occupations with exposure to carcinogens are
most at risk of lung cancer.
People working outdoors are more at risk of
getting skin cancer.
People with poor education make poor health
choices and know less about how to access
and use health services
Environmental Determinants
People living in rural and remote areas
are more at risk due to less access to
health info, health services eg. pap
smears and technology eg. new
prostate blood test.
High Risk Groups
Socio-economically disadvantaged
Smokers
High fat, low fibre diets
Family history
Fair skinned people
People exposed to the sun for long periods
Females who have never given birth