Transcript Chapter Eleven

Chapter Eleven
Living with Cancer
and Chronic Conditions
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Status of Cancer Today
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Annually, over 1.2 million people
developed cancer [U.S. 2002]
Contributing factors could be:
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aging
tobacco use
high fat foods
pollution
no health insurance
lack of education
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cell Regulation
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Cells perform important daily
functions
Regulatory genes – responsible for
monitoring cell replication,
specialization, DNA repair, and
suppression
Oncogenes – faulty regulatory genes
that fail to function properly
Proto-oncogenes –normal regulatory
genes that may become oncogenes
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Oncogene Formation
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All cells have proto-oncogenes
3 mechanisms that contribute to
oncogene formation:
1. genetic mutations
2. viral infections
3. presence of carcinogens,
environmental agents
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Characteristics of a Cancerous
Cell
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Infinite life expectancy (telomerase
enzyme)
Absence of contact inhibition
Absence of cellular cohesiveness
(metastasis)
Ability to control extra blood supply
(angiogenesis potential)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Types of Cancers
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Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
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Melanoma
Neuroblastoma
Adenocarcinoma
Hepatoma
Benign vs. malignant growths
are not always safe
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
How Cancer Spreads
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Common Cancer Sites
of the Body
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Lung
Breast
Uterus
Vagina
Ovary
Lymph
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Cervix
Prostate
Testicle
Colon/rectum
Pancreas
Skin
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Self-Check (Breast)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Self-Check (Testicles)
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Elevation
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
7 Warning Signs of Cancer
Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that won’t heal
Unusual bleeding
Thickening or lump
Indigestion
Obvious change in wart/mole
Nagging cough
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Treatment for Cancer
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Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Alternative cancer therapies
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Risk Reduction
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Know family history
Avoid tobacco
Eat properly
Monitor environmental and
occupational exposure to carcinogens
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Risk Reduction (cont’d)
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Control body weight
Exercise regularly
Limit UV rays
Consume alcohol moderately
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Other Chronic
Health Conditions
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Systemic lupus
erythematosus
Crohn’s Disease
Multiple
Sclerosis
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Diabetes
mellitus (Type 1
and 2)
Alzheimer’s
Disease
Sickle Cell
Disease
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Eleven
Living with Cancer and Chronic
Conditions
© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.