Management of Gynaecological Cancers
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Transcript Management of Gynaecological Cancers
Management of
Gynaecological Cancers
Gynaecological Cancers in
NSW
1180 new cases in 2002
10% of all new cancer diagnoses
Crude incidence rate 35.3 per
100,000 women
1:38 risk of developing
gynaecological cancer
1 case per GP every 4 years
3 cases per gynaecologist each year
Epidemiology Of Gynaecological
Cancers in NSW (2002)
Cancer
Type
New
cases
Deaths
(% of cancer
deaths)
Incidence Rate Lifetime
Risk
(per 100,000
women)
Cervix
Uterus
Ovary
210
477
386
69 (1%)
101 (2%)
237 (4%)
6.3
14.3
11.6
1:218
1:85
1:124
Breast
3981
885(16%)
119.2
1:11
Familial cancer risk and
gynaecological cancer
Family history is a recognised risk factor
in breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer
Endometrial cancer is often associated
with non-polyposis colon cancer
syndrome
Patients identified as having a high risk of
familial gynaecological cancer may benefit
from referral to a specialised Familial
Cancer Clinic
Cervical Cancer
Cervical screening with regular,
conventional Pap smears has proven to
be an effective cancer screening
strategy
Most cervical cancers present in
unscreened women
Prognosis relates to stage at
presentation
Symptoms warrant investigation,
regardless of Pap smear result
Management of Cervical
Cancer
Depends on stage of presentation
Treatment often involves either
surgery or (chemo)radiation or both
The woman should be involved in
treatment decisions
Fertility preservation feasible for
some (very) early stage disease
Management of Cervical
Cancer (I)
“Microinvasive”
Early stromal
invasion
Usually diagnosed
after abnormal Pap
smear
Needs cone biopsy
for accurate
assessment
Cone biopsy
Minor surgical
procedure
Excises area for
diagnosis
Sometimes
adequate
treatment if
minimal invasion
and clear margins
Management of Cervical
Cancer (II)
“Early” disease
Stage I or early 2A
Disease clinically
confined to cervix
No clinical
metastases
(Chemo)radiation or
surgery are options:
Radical hysterectomy
and pelvic lymph node
dissection
External beam
radiation with platinum
chemotherapy and
brachytherapy
Management of Cervical
Cancer (III)
Advanced disease
Stage 2B and
greater
(Chemo)radiation :
External beam
radiation with
platinum
chemotherapy and
brachytherapy
“Palliative”
treatment for very
advanced disease
Issues in cervical cancer
Life threatening illness
Fertility
Menopause
Sexuality
Toxicity of treatment
Follow-up after treatment
for cervical cancer
After treatment, patients are usually
followed closely as salvage
treatment for localised recurrent
disease may be beneficial
Most recurrences occur within 2
years
If the cervix remains in situ, followup usually involves repeat cytology.
Cancer of the Uterus
No effective screening strategy
Early investigation of symptoms,
especially PMB
Clinical suspicion eg. Obesity,
diabetes, chronic anovulation and
infertility
Delay in presentation worsens stage
and prognosis
Management of
Endometrial Cancer
Attempt surgical resection (despite
medical risks)
Assess surgico-pathological risk
factors
Adjuvant (radiation) therapy for
high-risk
Ovarian Cancer
No effective screening test
Symptoms often (? always) nonspecific
Usually advanced at presentation
Delay in diagnosis often perceived
by patient
Management of Ovarian
Cancer
Assessment of pelvic masses
“Risk of malignancy index”
Surgical staging and debulking
Surgery alone for early cases
Chemotherapy for most
High relapse and mortality rates
Management of Early Stage
Ovarian Cancer
Meticulous surgical staging
Prognosis dependent on
histopathologic features
Sub-groups with high risk of
recurrence
Fertility sparing treatment
appropriate in selected favourable
cases
Follow-up after treatment of
ovarian cancer
Following completion of treatment, followup usually involves clinical assessment
and measurement of CA-125
The prognosis of recurrent disease is very
poor, particularly if recurrence occurs
soon after completing treatment
The CA-125 is usually elevated prior to
clinical recurrence
Abnormal levels of CA-125 are a frequent
cause distress and anxiety during followup