Transcript File

CHAPTER 12
the Internet and Multimedia
Internet History
• The internet began as a research network
funded by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) in 1696.
• Sending e-mail and posting to newsgroups
established in 1989.
• More than 15 million users in mid-1990s.
• 407.1 million users in 2001. 6.71% of the
world’s population.
• ¼ people had access to the Internet by the
beginning of 2010
What is the relationship
between LAN and WAN?
A local area network (LAN) can
be connected to other LANs to
form a wide area network by
using gateways and routers.
The Domain Name System (DNS)
was developed to rationally assign
names and addresses to
computers linked to the Internet.
Top-level domains (TLDs) were
established.
Bandwidth expresses in bits per second
(bps), you can send from one computer to
another in a given amount of time.
What is daemon?
Daemons are agent programs that
run in the background, waiting to
act on requests from the outside.
In the case of the Internet,
daemons support protocols such as
HTTP for World Wide Web, POP
for e-mail and FTP f and
exchanging files.
To identify the
nature of the data
transmitted and, by
inference, the
purpose of that data,
the Internet uses a
standard list of
filename extensions
called Multipurpose
Internet Mail
Extensions (MIMEtypes).
Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML) allows users surf from
one document to another.
Semantic Web provides a common
framework that allows data to be
shared and reused across
application, enterprise and
community boundaries.
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
goes beyond HTML-it is the next
evolutionary step in the
development of the Internet for
formatting and delivering web
pages using styles.
What is Web 2.0?
Examples?
A Web 2.0 site may allow users to interact and
collaborate with each other in a social
media dialogue as creators of user-generated
content in a virtual community, in contrast to Web
sites where people are limited to the passive viewing
of content. Examples of Web 2.0 include social
networking sites, blogs, wikis, folksonomies, video
sharing sites, hosted services, Web applications,
and mashups.
Web Browsers
• 50 browsers competed for market share in
1996.
• By mid-2001 only two competitors
remained: Netscape and Microsoft.
• By 2006, Netscape was dead.
Web Page Makers and
Site Builders
Adobe’s
ColdFusion (.cfm)
Microsoft’s Active
Server Pages (.asp)
ColdFusion Markup
Language (CFML)
Or PHP
Other powerful options beyond plain HTML
Knowledge of Dynamic HTML (DHTML)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
HTML translators
• WYSIWYG
What You See Is What You Get
Automatically opens web
pages in a WYSIWYG view
On the downside
• InDesign from Adobe saves pages PDF files.
• Corel’s XMetal imports and converts files
created in Word, and other word processors.
• Adobe Dreamweaver is a WYSIWYG editor that
lets you create and edit text pages, import
images, and link to other documents, and offers
enhanced integration with PDF files.
• Dream- weaver has become the most popular
Plug-ins and Delivery
Vehicles
• Plug-ins add the power of multimedia to web
browsers by allowing users to view and interact
with new types of documents and images.
• Helper applications, or players, also provide
multimedia power by displaying or running files
downloaded from the Internet by your browser,
but helpers are not seamlessly integrated into
the operation of the browser itself.
• Text and document plug-ins get you past
the display limitations of HTML and web
browsers, where fonts are dependent on
end users’ preferences and page layout is
primitive.
• Adobe Acrobat Reader
• Browsers enabled for HTML5 will read and
display Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) files.
• Vector graphics are also device-independent,
in that the image is always displayed at the
correct size and with the maximum number of
colors supported by the computer.
Sound
• Digitized sound files (MP3, WAV, AIF, or AU)
sent to your computer and then played.
• MIDI files depend upon (more compact) depend
upon computer’s MIDI setup for quality.
• Speech files(sent at great speed to another
computer played back in a variety of voices)
Animation, Video, and
Presentation
• Most data-intense multimedia elements are
video streams containing both images and
synchronized sound
• Files for proprietary formats such as Keynote,
Microsoft PowerPoint
• Apple’s QuickTime, Microsoft’s Video for
Windows (AVI), and MPEG files
• Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
• CGI is a standard for interfacing external
applications with information servers
3-D Worlds
• Web are now possible with Intel’s Internet 3-D
Graphics Software using software such as
Second Life, Paper vision within Flash, Flash
CS4, and Adobe Director for development and
the Shockwave player for delivery.
• Web-enabled 3-D environments promise
compelling and interactive multimedia
experiences.
CHAPTER 13
Designing for the World Wide
Web
Developing for the Web
• In 2001, there were more than 2,000 published
books with the word “Internet” in their title. In
2003 there were more than 6,000. In 2006, there
were more than 10,000. In 2010, a search at
Amazon.com showed 43,196 books with the
word “Internet” in their title!
HTML Is a Markup Language
• HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.
• HTML provides tags for inserting media into
HTML documents: the <IMG> tag for inline
images; the <AUDIO> and <VIDEO> tags for
multi- media; and the <EMBED> and
<OBJECT> tags
• The Desktop Workspace
the area of the screen available for your
web page, called the viewport, will always
be less than the full display, and it is not
controllable by the designer.
• The Small-Device Workspace
Such as tablets, e-readers, netbooks,
PDAs, and smartphones, and they follow
known rules when laying out web pages
for smaller viewports.
Text for the Web
• User preferences in the browser may alter the
way text in your document looks and flows.
• Using CSS, you can specify your “preference”
for font face and many text attributes, but the
viewer’s browser ultimately determines if and
how these styles are displayed.
Making Columns of Text
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>The Explosion</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<DIV ALIGN="center">
<H2>The Explosion</H2>
</DIV>
<TABLE BORDER="0"
CELLSPACING="20">
<TR VALIGN="TOP">
<TD WIDTH="40%">
... text for Column 1 goes here ...
</TD>
<TD WIDTH="40%">
... text for Column 2 goes here ...
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Using the <TABLE> tag,
you can organize your text into columns.
Flowing Text Around Images
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Sailing</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<IMG SRC="gbsky.gif" ALIGN="left"
HSPACE="15"VSPACE="5">
<H2>Departure</H2>
... text goes here ...
<BR CLEAR="left">
<hr>
</BODY>
</HTML>
You can flow text around an image by using
the ALIGN attribute of the <IMG> tag.
Images, text, and sound can be mixed in an HTML document. Note the use of escape
sequences for special characters and an image map for navigation.
Anescape sequence begins with an ampersand and ends with asemicolon.
Images for the Web
• What are the most common graphics file
formats in use on the Web today?
Browsers recognize four image formats—GIF,
PNG, JPEG, and SVG
These formats use built-in compression
algorithms to reduce file size.
GIF and PNG Images
• GIF images are limited to 8 bits of color depth (256
colors).
• PNG was developed as a new “open” format (not
requiring fees) to replace GIF.
• But PNG does not support animation. It only uses the
RGB color model, PNG images may not print well.
JPEG Images
• JPEG images may contain 24 bits of color
depth (millions of colors). It uses a
powerful but lossy compression method.
• Lossy?
JPEG Images
• Lossy means that information in the
original image is lost in the compression
process and cannot be retrieved.
GIF or JPEG?
Both images at the top were
saved in the JPEG format. The
resulting compressed images at
the bottom show the “lossy”
and “blocky” nature of
compressed JPEGs.
The photo at top left is 71K in
size when saved as a GIF and
only 27K saved as a JPEG
(bottom left). The drawing at top
right is 17K when saved as a
GIF and 46K as a JPEG (bottom
right).
Backgrounds
Background Coloring:
• Color controls for the entire page are attributes of the <BODY> tag
and are set using CSS: body {background-color: #0000FF;}
• For white text on a blue background, the CSS code would be: body
{color: #FFFFFF;}
Sound for the Web
•
As the Web has developed, sound has become more important, and most browsers
allow embedding of sounds into documents using the tag.
Text can be included in the tag that will be ignored unless the user’s
browser cannot understand the <AUDIO> tag:
The <A> anchor tag and <EMBED> tag can also be used to play sound
files:
Animation on a web page
• Limit animated GIFs to small images, and
use a more capable plug-in for animations over
larger areas.
• Flash provides animation on the Web.
Video for the Web
• Play video using the <VIDEO> tag.
CHAPTER 14
Delivering
Testing
Test it—and then test it again; that’s the unavoidable
rule.
Alpha testing
Beta testing
The terms alpha and beta are used by software developers to
describe levels of product development when testing is done
and feedback is sought.
Alpha releases are typically circulated among a
select group of mock internal users for testing.
Beta releases are sent to a wider but still select
audience with the understanding that the
software may contain errors or bugs.
Beta testers should include a detailed description
of the hardware and software configuration and
a step-by-step recounting of the problem so that
you can re-create it.
Fully test your project on as many platforms as
possible. Why?
Budget for obtaining
the hardware test
platforms, as well as
for the many hours
of effort that testing
will require.
Your contract should clearly
specify the intended
delivery platform and its
hardware and software
configuration, and provide
a clause that you will test
only to that platform.
Preparing for Delivery
If your completed multimedia project will be
delivered to consumers or to
a client who will install the project on many
computers, You may need to provide a single
program that acts as
?
, which is not a
trivial task.
an installation routine
It is important to provide well-written
documentation about the installation process so
that users have a clear step-by-step procedure
to follow.
It is critical that you include appropriate warnings
in your installation document. Example?
The clearer and more detailed your installation
instructions are, the fewer frustrated users’
queries you will receive.
File Archives
What is archive?
One or more of the files in your project can be compressed
or “packed” into a single file, called an archive.
When that archive is then decompressed, or the
files are expanded or extracted, each file in the
archive is “reconstituted.”
Self-extracting archives are useful for delivering
projects in compressed form.
.sea
On the Mac, these files typically carry the filename extension ? .
On Windows platforms, these archives are executable files with an
?
filename extender.
.exe
Self-extracting files allow the user to run the executable
archive.
Compressed files are automatically decompressed and
placed on the hard disk.
Delivering on CD-ROM
The majority of multimedia products sold into
retail and business channels are delivered
on CD-ROM or DVD.
Compact Disc(CD) Technology
CD-R (compact disc-recordable) is an excellent
method for distributing multimedia projects.
CD-R writers and blank CD-R discs are an inexpensive
way to distribute multimedia projects.
For short runs of a product, it is cheaper to burn your
work onto CD-Rs and custom-label them with your own
printer.
CD Standards
In 1979, Philips and Sony together launched CD
technology as a digital method of delivering sound and
music (audio) to consumers.
This collaboration resulted in the Red Book standard
(named for the color of the document’s jacket), officially
called the Compact Disc Digital Audio Standard.
The Red Book standard defines the CD audio format;
Yellow Book is for CD-ROM;
Green Book is for CD-I (Interactive);
Orange Book is for write-once, read-only (WORM) CD-ROMs;
White Book is for Video CD (Karaoke CD).
The Red Book
A CD may contain one or more tracks. These are areas
normally allocated for storing a single song in the Red
Book format. Each track on the CD may use a different
format.
The Yellow, Green, Orange, and White Books
A hybrid format places both Macintosh files and PC files on
the same CD, with both PC and Macintosh executable
programs.
The ISO 9660 standard is the most widely used digital data
file format for CDs.
Delivering on DVD
Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs) are made with a
multilayer, high-density manufacturing process
that provides 4.7 GB of storage.
Set-top DVD players for movie viewing at home do not play
data-formatted DVDs.
DVD+R/DVD+R
W
DVD-R/DVDRW
DVD-RAM
DVD
Standards
The “R” and “RW” stand for recordable and
rewritable respectively.
DVD-RAM has better recording features but
requires more specialized playback hardware.
DVD-R/DVD-RW and DVD+R/DVD+RW are
similar and can be played back on most DVD
players and drives.
Wrapping It Up
Packaging is an important consideration in
marketing your project.
Although users often equate quality with large boxes, highcaliber artwork, and fancy packaging, the current trend in
software packaging is toward simplification.
Delivering on the World Wide Web
Delivering multimedia projects built for the World
Wide Web can be as simple as renaming a
directory or transferring a group of files to a web
server.
Hosting your own server for delivering your project means
tackling a variety of issues, including security, serverside configuration, and access.