Transcript U7-Astronomy Note Packet

Name:______________________
Unit 7
Astronomy
Period:____
Astronomy Vocabulary
1. Celestial Objects:
2. An Arc:
3. Apparent daily motion:
4. Constellations:
5. Polaris:
6. Foucault/s Pendulum
7. Coriolis Effect:
8. Summer Solstice:
9. Winter Solstice:
10. Autumnal Equinox:
11. Vernal Equinox:
12. Ellipse
13. Orbit
14. Foci (Focus)
15. Eccentricity
16. Gravity
17. Inertia
18. Perihelion
19. Aphelion
Astronomy Vocabulary
20. Terrestrial
21. Jovian
22. Stars
23. Spectrum
24. Nebula
25. Protostar
26. Neutron Star
27. Black Hole
28. Galaxies
29. Doppler Shift
Focus Questions
___1. How and why do stars move through our sky?
___2. Explain the apparent motion of the Sun through our
sky? How does the path of the Sun change throughout the
year?
___3. Why do we have seasons?
___4. How does latitude and the angle of the Sun affect
daylight hours?
___5. Explain why we see the Moon’s phases?
___6. Explain what happens during a lunar and solar
eclipse?
___7. Why do we have tides?
___8. What is the true shape of an orbit and what are the
parts of an orbit?
What is the equation to measure an orbit’s eccentricity?
___9. Explain what the HR diagram is used for? Explain
our Sun’s properties by using the HR diagram.
___10. Describe galaxies and what theory is used to
describe the formation of the universe? How can we tell if
celestial objects are moving towards or away from us?
A. Celestial Observations
1.
The objects in the sky collectively are called ____________________
_____________________
--They include ____________________________________
--They appear to move in the sky ______________________
--The path they appear to take is in the shape of _______________
2.
All objects in the night sky appear to travel in a set path around
____________which is located almost directly over the North
Pole of Earth.
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Many of the stars form specific patterns, or ________________. Some
of these never go below the horizon in New York State. Instead, they
appear to circle Polaris over the course of a night.
Orion
This is about a ten hour
time exposure of the
northern sky. The arcs
are the paths of the stars
circling the North Star
(Polaris) in the center.
These stars can be seen
year-round in the
northern sky although
their exact location each
night will vary
throughout the year.
Other stars appear to move throughout the night from east to west.
These are trails of stars that are
further to the south in our night sky.
Their trails appear almost straight.
The constellations and the stars that
make them up also appear in
different locations throughout the
year.
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All celestial objects appear to move at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.
(From horizon to horizon is about 180 degrees.) Why do these
objects appear to move at a rate of 15 degrees per hour?
_______________________________________________________
We call this motion the_________________________________
3.
Apparent Solar Day: _________________________________
_________________________________________
B.
1.
a.
Terrestrial Observations
There are two main motions of Earth:
Revolution: ___________________________________________
____________________________________________
Evidence: Different constellations appear in our night sky at different
times of the year.
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b.
Rotation: __________________________________________
____________________
Evidence:
(1) Foucault’s Pendulum:
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_______________________ ______
(2) Coriolis Effect:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
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2.
Apparent Motion of the Sun: It changes with the seasons and
latitude due to: ________________________Earth does not lie
directly straight up and down, it is tilted _____________
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Summer: _______
_______________
_______________
_______________
___________ but
the sun is NEVER
directly overhead
for us! Because
the path of the sun
is longest in the
summer, days are
longest.
Summer Solstice: _____________________________
___________________________________________
Winter: _____________________________________
___________________________________________
Winter Solstice: ______________________________
___________________________________________
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Spring and Fall:
______________
______________
______________
______________
______________
Vernal Equinox:
_____________
Autumnal Equinox:
______________
At the _______________, day and night are 12 hours
long everywhere on Earth.
Latitude: The closer you are to the poles, the lower
the noon time sun and the greater the difference
between the winter and summer length of daylight. At
the equator, day and night are 12 hours long all year.
Important Note: We do not have summer in June
because we are closer to the sun. We are actually
closest to the sun in December, the beginning of
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winter.
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn: 23.5o north and
south latitude. Mark the furthest north and south
travel of the direct rays of the sun. Sun is directly
over the Tropic of Cancer on June 21st and the Tropic
of Capricorn on December 21st.
Sun’s apparent path for four different observers
on June 21st. Notice how the path and position
of the noontime sun change for each location.
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Because the sun is higher in the sky in the summer,
the rays of the sun shine down at a more direct angle.
The length of shadows cast by a stick are also affected
by the height of the sun. In the summer, the sun is
high in the sky, so the shadows it casts are ______.
Shadows cast in spring and fall are __________. In
the winter, the sun is very low in the sky, so the
shadow it casts is very ____.
C. Geometry of Orbits
I.
Terms
A. Revolution: __________________________
B. Orbit:_______________________________
1. Example: __________________________
2. Ellipse: ___________________________
__________________________________________
3. Focus (foci): _______________________
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4. Eccentricity: ___________________________
_________________________________________
a. Formula:
____________
____________
____________
____________
____________
5. Period: _________________________________
__________________________________________
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II.
Force and Energy
A. Gravity: __________________________
________________________________________
B. Inertia: ___________________________
________________________________________
C. Energy and Orbits
1. At perihelion: ____________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
2. At aphelion: _____________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
3. This change that occurs during the orbit
of Earth is an example of a ______________
________________________________________
________________________________________
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III. Orbits and Johannes Kepler
A. Orbital Velocity: _____________________
B. Earth’s Orbit
1. perihelion: ________________________
_________________________________________
2. aphelion: _________________________
_________________________________________
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C. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
-Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer during
the late 1500’s to early 1600’s, developed three
laws of motion of objects in the sky to help
better explain and predict their motions. Before
Kepler, most astronomers agreed that planetary
orbits were circular.
1. Elliptical Orbits: ______________________
_________________________________________
2. Equal Areas: _________________________
_________________________________________
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________
_________
_____________
_____________
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Note that as the
orbiting body gets
closer to the object it
is orbiting, the pull
of gravity becomes
stronger. Therefore,
its forward speed
must also be greater
to compensate.
3. Harmonic Motion: The square of the time
of revolution (T2) is proportional to the cube of
its mean distance from the Sun (R3)
a. Astronomical Unit: ____________________
_________________________________________
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D. Satellite Motions
I.
The Moon: ____________________________
A. Orbit _____________________________
_________________________________________
1. Sidereal month: ___________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
2. Synodic (lunar) month: _____________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
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(27 1/3 days)
One synodic month later
(29 ½ days)
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B. Phases: ________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
C Phases change from: ____________
Because of the moon
orbiting Earth, each day
the moon rises over the
eastern horizon _______
___________________.
E. As a result, if you look at the
moon two consecutive nights, the
moon is farther ______ the second
night and each night thereafter.
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New Moon
New Gibbous
Third Quarter
New Crescent
Full Moon
Old Crescent
First Quarter
Old Gibbous
D. Because of the moon orbiting Earth, each day the
moon rises over the eastern horizon ______________
___________.
E. As a result, if you look at the moon two
consecutive nights, the moon is farther ________ the
second night and each night thereafter.
Day 1
C. Tides: _________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
1. High and Low: ________________________
__________________________________________
2. Normal: ______________________________
__________________________________________
NOTE: Even though the sun is much larger, the
moon is much closer so the primary force pulling on
the tides is the moon.
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3. Spring:_________________________________
__________________________________________
4. Neap: __________________________________
__________________________________________
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D. Eclipses: ________________________________
__________________________________________
1. Shadow Geometry
a. umbra: ____________________________
b. penumbra: _________________________
__________________________________________
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2. Solar Eclipse: __________________________
________________________________________
a. total: ______________________________
b. partial: ____________________________
c. annular: ___________________________
_______________________________________
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3. Lunar: _________________________________
__________________________________________
a. total: ________________________________
__________________________________________
b. partial: ______________________________
__________________________________________
NOTE: Lunar eclipse does
not occur during every full
moon because the plane of
the moon’s orbit is slightly
off from Earth’s.
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E. The Solar System
I.
Solar System: __________________________
A. Models
1. Geocentric: _________________________
_________________________________________
epicycle: ___________________________
_________________________________________
Retrograde Motion: ___________________
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Geocentric Model of the Solar System
Problem:_____________________________
____________________________________
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2. First Heliocentric: _______________________
_________________________________________
Problem: __________________________________
_________________________________________
3. Revised Heliocentric: _____________________
_________________________________________
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_________________________________________
B. Objects
1. Sun: __________________________________
____________________________________________
a. sunspots: ___________________________
___________________________________________
b. flares/prominences: ___________________
____________________________________________
2. Planets: _______________________________
a. Terrestrial: __________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
b. Jovian: _____________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
3. Asteroids: ______________________________
____________________________________________
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B. Objects (cont.)
4. Meteors: ____________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
5. Comets:
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Earth
Sun
Comet
F. The Universe
I.
Parts of the Universe
A. Stars: ______________________________
__________________________________________
1. Energy: __________________________
_________________________________________
2. Composition: _____________________
_________________________________________
a. spectrum: _______________________
_________________________________________
b. spectroscope: ____________________
__________________________________________
Star Life Cycle: Stars are like humans. They are born, live and
then die.:
Nebula: ____
___________
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Protostar: _____________
_____________________
Mature star:___________
____________
Red Giant:__________
___________________
_____________
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White Dwarf: ______
_________________
_________________
_________________
Supernova: ______
________________
________________
________________
________________
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The life cycle of stars depends on their mass.
Small and medium stars become black dwarves once
they die.
Larger stars become novae and die as: ____________
The most massive stars become supernovae and die
as: ______________________
Neutron Star: ______________________________
_________________________________________
Black Hole: _____________________________
_______________________________________
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3. Classifying: _____________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
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B. Galaxies: _______________________________
__________________________________________
1. Composition: _________________________
__________________________________________
2. Size: ________________________________
3. The Milky Way: ______________________
_________________________________________
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These are galaxy clusters and separate galaxies
taken by long-range telescope. The area of the
sky covered is less than the diameter of the moon.
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C. Clusters: ____________________________
__________________________________________
II.
Distance in the Universe
A. The speed of light: ___________________
_________________________________________
B. The Light Year: _____________________
_________________________________________
III. The Expanding Universe
A. The Big Bang Theory: ________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
B. Doppler Shift
1. red shift: __________________________
__________________________________________
2. blue shift: _________________________
__________________________________________
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Since the spectrum for all galaxies show a _______
from Earth, we assume the universe is __________
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