Transcript Googlization of archaeology: Global archaeology, GIS

GEOG 350&550 - Introduction to
Geographic Information Science
Introduction
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GIS is a convergence of technological fields
and traditional disciplines
GIS has been called an "enabling technology"
because of the potential it offers for the wide
variety of disciplines which must deal with
spatial data
each related field provides some of the
techniques which make up GIS
 many of these related fields emphasize data
collection - GIS brings them together by emphasizing
integration, modeling and analysis
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as the integrating field, GIS often claims to be
the science of spatial information
GISystems, GIScience and
GIStudies
GISystems
– Emphasis on technology and tools
Geospatial technologies
– Emphasis on use of GIS and associated technologies
GIScience
– Fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and
related technologies (e.g.)
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Spatial analysis
Map projections
Accuracy
Scientific visualization
Computer Science
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Software
Databases
Networks
Programming
Desktop GIS
Client-server GIS
Centralized Desktop GIS
Centralized Server GIS
The Mobile User
• It is increasingly possible to obtain the
services of a GIS through hand-held and
wearable devices
– Some cellphones can now be used to
generate maps
• Such maps can be centered on the user's current
location
Map showing WiFi
hotspots in the
area surrounding
the user's current
location (the White
House, 1600
Pennsylvania
Avenue NW,
Washington DC)
Virtual Reality
• Use of digital technology to create an
artifical visual and auditory environment
that simulates the actual environment
elsewhere
– User and subject are in different locations
– Technology allows the user to explore a
remote location
Augmented Reality
• The user is in the subject location
– Technology is used to augment the user's
senses
– Information from a database can be displayed
directly in the user's field of view
• Superimposed on what is actually seen
A wearable computer in
use. The outfit consists of
a processor and storage
unit hung on the user's
waist belt; an output unit
clipped to the eyeglasses
with a screen
approximately 1 cm
across and VGA
resolution; an input
device in the hand; and a
GPS antenna on the
shoulder. The batteries
are in a jacket pocket.
(Courtesy: Keith Clarke)
The system worn
here by Reg
Golledge (a leader of
the development
team) uses GIS and
GPS to augment the
senses of a visually
impaired person
navigating through a
complex space such
as a university
campus. (Courtesy:
Reginald Golledge)
Location-Based Services
• An LBS is an information service provided
by a device that:
– Knows where it is
– Modifies the information that it provides
accordingly
How Does a Device Know Where It Is?
• GPS on board
– Many current cellphones
– Increasing numbers of vehicles
• Fixed device, location established when
device installed
– Point-of-sale systems
• Location deduced from Internet address
InfoSplit's business is based on determining the
locations of Internet users, allowing Web services
to determine where their users are located
Distributing the Software
• A GIService is a GIS process provided
remotely
– A user can send a request and receive a
result
• A gazetteer service will accept a placename and
return that location's coordinates
• A geocoding service will accept a street address
and return the house's coordinates
Advantages of GIServices
• Users do not need to obtain and install
expensive software
• Only one version of the service software
need exist
– It is always the latest version
• Data used in the service can be kept
constantly up to date
Hand-held
Field-based GIS
• Lightweight hardware
• Extension of desktop
• Limited capabilities
• Data collection
• Mobile mapping
$500
GIS and the Internet
• Internet becoming integral part of society
– Internet is the network infrastructure
– World Wide Web is the software that allows
us to connect and
• Distributed computing environment
– Move beyond individual desktop workstations
– Allows for sharing of data and analyses
• Access to GIS data and mapping remotely
Web-based GIS
• Often used in Participatory GIS
• Allows for broad access
Multimedia GIS
• Integrate other types of media into GIS
• Qualitative information
Where is Internet GIS heading?
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Geospatial Web
Digital Globes
LBS/Mobile GIS
Virtual Worlds/metaverse?
Beyond data capture
• Now moving to greater data access
• Information for the masses
• Open ‘commercial’ access to global, often
high resolution, information
– Google Earth
– Google Local
– Virtual Earth
– Yahoo! Maps
Web Services
• Services-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
• Client-server schema
• Services can support
– Data access, processing, analysis
• Geoprocessing services turn IMS to IGS
– ArcGIS Server
– OGC Geo Processing Workflow (GPW)
Open Standards
• Interoperability is key to success of
distributed GIS
• Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)
What is the Geospatial Web?
• Web 2.0
– AJAX & ATLAS
• Web Services
– XML driven data and processing
• Web-based mapping
– Commercial and OpenSource
• Collaborative mapping
– Mash-ups
The basis of the Geospatial Web
• History
– MapQuest, IMS, WebMap, MapServer
• Today (2006)
– Where 2.0
• Introduction of mapping applications
• Mash-Ups
– Ambient Findability (2005)
• Links information science and geospatial tech
Web mapping and GIS functionality
• Free Web Mapping Applications not true GIS
– Only display maps and offer simple geocoding
– No real data management or spatial analysis
• Move toward incorporation of GIS functions
– Developer applications that offer basic GIS functions
– Microsoft Virtual Earth now includes heads-up
digitizing capability
Web 2.0 mapping sites
• Shared features
– Free, ‘easy-to-use’ API
– Collaborative mapping/Mash-ups
• Google Maps
– First in market with hybrid (road and raster)
• Virtual Earth
– MapCruncher – wizard for creating simple web
mapping applications
• Yahoo! Maps
– Flash and AJAX interfaces
Social Networking
• Tied to the Web 2.0 phenomenon
• Links social interaction through location
– geotagging
• WikiMapia
• Outside.in
Democratizing spatial data
• Spatial data issues:
– Expensive
– Limited availability
– Collected for a specific purpose
– Usually tied to a specific software
• Opening access to data
– Web democratizes data
– Free, open access
Digital globe initiatives
• Google Earth
– KeyHole
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World Wind
Skyline Globe and similar commercial
Leica Virtual Environment
ArcGIS Explorer
ArcScene
ArcGlobe
Scientific use of Virtual Globes conferences
Google Earth as Multimedia GIS
• Feature Content functionality
– Upload photos, video, and audio
• User-driven, collaborative
• Google’s “Geographic Web”
Web-based Immersive Environments
• Virtual Worlds
– Second Life
• Metaverse Roadmap
– “What happens when video games meet Web
2.0? When virtual worlds meet geospatial
maps of the planet? When simulations get
real and life and business go virtual? When
your avatar becomes your blog, your desktop,
and your online agent? What happens is the
metaverse”
Geospatial Semantic Web
• Semantic web attempts to create a
universal schema for information
exchange
• The Geospatial Semantic Web seeks to
develop schema to support spatial
information exchange
– GML
– GeoRSS
• OCG’s GSW Interoperability Experiment
GIS for everyone?
• The geospatial web is:
– moving the idea of mapping forward
• New map makers creating mash-ups
– broadening the user-base of geospatial info
– repositioning the balance of geospatial tech
• Traditional industry leaders are pressed to keep up
with new trends
• The trend is toward mapping for everyone
– GIS will remain professionally driven