Transcript ppt - Programming Systems Lab

COMS E6125 Web-enHanced
Information Management
(WHIM)
Prof. Gail Kaiser
Spring 2008
11 March 2008
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Today’s Topics
• Web & Society
• Web Accessibility (partially adapted
from Prof. Michael Chiang, MD,
Departments of Ophthalmology &
Biomedical Informatics)
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Societal Issues
•
•
•
•
•
Information Sharing
Privacy
Intellectual Property
Accessibility
Security and others…
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Information Sharing:
Web 1.0
• The original purpose of the Web!
• Generally viewed as an information resource,
download without upload
• Websites owned by “someone else” may store your
information in a database – usually limited to basic
identification (name, address, phone number,
credit card) and “preferences”
• Relatively limited opportunities to post your own
website – might be universally browse-able but in
practice typically visited by few
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Information Sharing:
Web 2.0
•
•
•
•
•
•
User communities and participation
Message boards with user-supplied content
Portals with user-selected content “portlets”
Syndicated feeds
Blogs, wikis, collaborative filtering
The Web as Platform, mashups, user-supplied
applications
• …
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The Right To Privacy
• Secrecy (confidentiality): The extent
to which we are known to others
• Anonymity: The extent to which we
are the subject of others’ attention
• Solitude: The extent to which others
have access to us
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Rights to Sue
(wrt Privacy)
• Intrusion upon seclusion or solitude, or
into private affairs
• Public disclosure of embarrassing private
facts
• Inaccurate reporting: Publicity that places
a person in a false light in the public eye
• Appropriation of identity: “identity theft”
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A New Yorker cartoon from
1993
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But in 2008, yahoo, google,
aol, <fill in here> know
• You’ve searched for local veterinarians and
groomers
• You’ve read reviews comparing flea powders
• You’ve ordered “chew sticks” and “squeaky toys”
• You’ve printed coupons for Alpo
• You’ve downloaded 101 Dalmations and Lassie “on
demand” movies
• Your email contains sales notices from petco.com
 Your “My Pictures” folder contains 100s of images
of fire hydrants and frisbees
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Web Tracking
• Bits: How Do They Track You?
• Data collection events:
–
–
–
–
Pages displayed
Search queries entered
Videos played
Advertising displayed (both same party and
third party)
• In December 2007 alone, yahoo collected
400 billion events, aol 100 billion, google 91
billion, microsoft 51 billion
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From study by
comScore published
in NY Times online
3/9/08
Caveats
• Not all of this data is useful
• Not all of it is retained by the companies
with access to it
• Much of it cannot be traced back to
individuals
• Several data collection events may be
triggered by a single Web page
• Does not include user-volunteered data
(website registration, social networking)
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Why Track?
• Targeted advertising supports “free”
services and content
• But collected information can be used
for other purposes…
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Privacy Before and After
• Before the Web, you participated in a variety of
activities
• These might have involved groups of people, in
public or private, possibly even “the press”
• Photos or recordings might have been taken, with
or without your knowledge
• You might have borrowed or purchased books or
magazines related to your activities
• You might have sent/received letters by snailmail
• What is different now? Does it matter?
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Privacy Before and After
• Before the Web, you might have typed your name,
address, phone number, birth date, social security
number, bank account numbers, credit card
numbers, etc. into your PC for personal storage
• It was unlikely anyone outside your household
could access your PC
• Now you type at least part of that information
into your PC all the time (if you make online
purchases and/or sign up for online services)
• And you have no idea who might be reading them,
from either your PC (if connected to Internet) or
from the Websites you sent them to
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Privacy Before and After
• Your name, phone number, address were always
easily available (phone book, reverse listings)
• So was your birth date, although harder to obtain
(birth records, drivers license)
• And your SSN - lots of forms ask for it
• Your checking account and/or credit card
numbers were available through the issuing banks
and the merchants where you made purchases
• So what is different now? Does it matter?
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Societal Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
Information Sharing
Privacy
Intellectual Property
Accessibility
Security
Others…
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What is
“Intellectual Property”?
• Patents
– Exclusive right to prevent others from making, using or
selling a novel, useful, non-obvious invention
– Term generally 20 years
• Trademarks
– Word, name, symbol or device used to indicate the
source of goods or services and distinguish them from
others
– Prevent others from using a confusingly similar mark,
but does not prevent others from making/selling the
same goods or services under a clearly different mark
– Term “forever”
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What is
“Intellectual Property”?
• Copyrights
– Exclusive right to reproduce and distribute, prepare
derivative works, perform or display publicly
– Protects form of expression, not the subject matter of
the expression
– Fair use - for purposes such as criticism, news reporting,
teaching, research
– First sale doctrine – can use over and over, perform
privately, lend, lease, resell (that one copy)
– Term depends on whether published or unpublished,
generally lifetime of author (performer, artist, etc.) plus
70 years, or 95 years from creation if work for hire
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Digital Documents
• Copies are perfectly reproducible an infinite
number of times
• Copies can be made at zero cost
• Copies can be distributed at zero cost
• Technical protection systems can be circumvented
(by experts) on programmable computers
• Thus content owners have little control over the
subsequent dissemination and use of their work
• How does this impact the author’s exclusive
rights? How does this impact fair use and first
sale doctrine?
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IP Before and After
• Before the Web, you might have written fiction
or non-fiction
• You might have composed or performed music,
art, drama, film, etc.
• You might have invented a brilliant new
technology, business practice, recipe, etc.
• Perhaps you made money or achieved fame by
doing so
• Is there any difference now? Does it matter?
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Societal Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
Information Sharing
Privacy
Intellectual Property
Accessibility
Security
Others…
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Computer/Internet/Web
“Practical” Access
• Legal, social and economic
impediments
– Not allowed (by government, by
community, by parents, by school)
– Too expensive
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Computer/Internet/Web
Accessibility
• Physical impediments
–
–
–
–
Cannot
Cannot
Cannot
Cannot
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see screen output
enter keyboard input
use mouse
use speakers, microphone, etc.
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Web Accessibility Motivation
• Rapid advances in IT
• Internet use becoming nearly universal
(see statistics)
• Influences on education and employment
• “Digital divide”: people w/o Web access
• Visually disabled users
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Visual Disability Statistics
• Prevalence of visual loss rising
• More visual problems in older persons
– Americans > age 65 will double by 2040
• U.S. Census (2002):
– 7.9 million “had difficulty seeing words and letters
in ordinary newspaper print” (even with glasses)
– 1.8 million “unable to see”
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Web User Interfaces
• Then: Early browsers (Lynx) text-based
– Limitations in computing speed
– Partially sighted  magnifiers, large monitors
– Blind  teletype to voice output
• Now: GUI’s with point-and-click navigation,
widgets with dependence on visual cues
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Modern GUIs
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Modern Web Interfaces
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Examples of Visual Disability Original
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Decreased Visual Acuity Blur
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Central Scotoma
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Decreased Peripheral Field
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Hemianopia
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Decreased Contrast
Sensitivity
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Another Example:
Original
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Colorblindness
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Macular Vision
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Retinis Vision
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No Vision
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Interactions with GUIs
• Smaller icons  Decreased speed &
accuracy
• Larger icon set size  Decreased
speed & accuracy
• Decreased visual acuity, contrast
sensitivity, or color vision 
Decreased task accuracy
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Americans with Disabilities Act
• 1990, applies to entire nation
• “Reasonable accommodation”
• “Effective communication”
• Employment, public accommodations,
telecommunications
• Internet in workplace  Broadened
scope of law
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Federal Rehabilitation Act of
1973: Section 504
• Applies to all educational programs
receiving federal funds
• Universal accessibility to students with
any disability:
– Sensory
– Physical
– Cognitive
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Federal Rehabilitation Act of
1973: Section 508
• Applies to Web-based information
technology (Public Law 105-220, 1998)
• All electronic and information technology
developed, procured, or used by federal
agencies must be accessible
• Direct purchases by federal government
• Important legal reference for accessibility
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Assistive Technologies:
Goals and Challenges
• Alternative, equivalent mechanisms
• Special challenges for Web
accessibility:
– Mathematical & scientific notation
– Images and videos
– Forms, tables, frames, etc.
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Screen Magnifiers
• Popular for partially
sighted users
• Background tasks
• Full or part screen
• Image smoothing
algorithms
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Braille Displays
• Completely blind
users
• Connect to
keyboard
• Arrays of pins
generate Braille
letters
• Line-by-line output
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Braille Displays
• Input via regular or
Braille keyboard
• Purely text-based Less helpful for
Web interfaces
• Only 10% of blind
children use Braille
as primary reading
medium
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Screen Readers
• Background applications
• Translate text & graphics to auditory output
– External hardware speech synthesizers or
– Software to drive sound cards
• Orientation for users:
– Announce menu bars, pop-ups, etc.
– Protocols for announcing standard GUI widgets
– Hyperlinks, navigation bar, page layout
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Screen Readers
• Examples:
– Freedom Scientific’s JAWS
– Dolphin’s Hal
– Microsoft’s Narrator (bundled with Windows)
• Good for varying levels of visual limitation
• Used in isolation, or in combination with other
assistive technologies
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But Screen Readers Do
Not Solve The Problem
• Example Screen Reader Audio
• The Web Page From Hell
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Web Accessibility Initiative
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• Web Content Accessibility Guideline
version 1.0 (May 1999), version 2.0 draft
(December 2007)
• Various associated guidelines, e.g.,
Authoring Tool Accessibility
• http://www.w3.org/WAI/
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Four Principles
1.
2.
3.
4.
Perceivable - Information and user interface
components must be presentable to users in
ways they can perceive
Operable - User interface components and
navigation must be operable
Understandable - Information and the operation
of user interface must be understandable
Robust - Content must be robust enough that it
can be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of
user agents, including assistive technologies
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Example Perceivable
Provide text alternatives for any non-text
content so that it can be changed into
other forms people need, such as large
print, braille, speech, symbols or simpler
language
– HTML ALT text for images and videos
– Descriptive names for controls or user
inputs
 Also supports indexing by search
engines
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Another Example
Perceivable
Make it easier for users to see and
hear content including separating
foreground from background
– “Click the red button”
Normal

http://www.vischeck.com/
Red-Green Color Blind
Example Operable
Provide ways to help users with disabilities
navigate, find content and determine
where they are
– Ensure that embedded objects (scripts,
applets) are accessible to assistive
technologies
– Mechanisms to bypass blocks of content
– Identify link purpose
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Another Example
Operable
Provide users with disabilities enough time
to read and use content
– Be sure that blinking, scrolling or autoupdating objects can be stopped
– Screen readers can’t process moving text
 Do not design content in a way that is
known to cause seizures
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Click here!!!
WCAG 2.0 Overall
• 12 general design “guidelines”
• Benefits larger population of users:
– Older technologies
– Slower Internet connections
– Mobile computing, etc.
– Difficulty reading or understanding text
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Checking Compliance with
Guidelines
• WAVE
• Cynthia Says
• W3C’s list
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Web Accessibility Summary
•
Recent IT revolution has produced major
social change - disabled users are at growing
disadvantage
•
Rapid initial growth of Internet did not
account for this
•
Assistive technologies and legislative
requirements are beginning to catch up
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Upcoming:
Revised Project Proposal
• Due Monday March 31st
• No more than four (4) pages
• Post in Revised Project Proposals
folder on CourseWorks
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Revised Project Proposal:
New or Extended System
• Explain what your system will "do“
• Describe value to prospective user community
• Sketch the top-level architecture, including
hosts, processes and major subsystems
• Diagram and explain the communications flows,
including protocols to be used and typical
messaging sequences - including "error" cases
• Document any components that you are not
implementing yourself (include URL)
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Revised Project Proposal:
Comparison/Evaluation
• Clearly indicate which system(s) you will be
evaluating (and how you will obtain)
• Explain what you plan to measure and how you will
measure it (either quantitative or qualitative)
• Define what criteria you will use – and why are
these significant or important
• Sketch the top-level architecture of those
systems as they will operate during your
experiments
• Discuss the design of your test application(s)
and/or benchmark(s)
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Revised Project Proposals
• Plan a <15 minute demo
• Schedule with your TA between April
22nd and May 6th
• TAs will be assigned per group – not
necessarily same TA as for paper
• Final reports due Friday May 9th
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Upcoming: Student
Presentations
• Topic can be paper, project, or something else
relevant to class
• If project, coordinate with any other team
members (e.g., schedule back-to-back)
• No more than 10 minutes
• During class time April 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd or 29th
for on-campus students
• Contact instructor by email to schedule asap
([email protected])
• Last year’s slides available at
http://bank.cs.columbia.edu/classes/cs6125s07/presentations
Reminders
• Full paper due Friday March 14th
• Revised project proposal due March 31st
• Schedule your presentation with the
instructor for April 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd or
29th during class time for on-campus
students (and any “local” CVN students
who can come to class)
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COMS E6125 Web-enHanced
Information Management
(WHIM)
Prof. Gail Kaiser
Spring 2008
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