Transcript Slide 1

Part 1:
How Small We Are…
Our own Sun sits at the center
of our solar system
NASA Animation
Our sun is
4,500,000,000 years old.
Photo from NASA
It will be around for about
another 4,500,000,000 years
Photo from NASA
Our Sun contains about 99.8%
of all of the mass in our solar
system.
Photo from The International Astronomical Union Martin Kornmesser
Jupiter holds most of the rest.
Photo from The International Astronomical Union Martin Kornmesser
For example, if our solar
system were a one
hundred dollar bill, the
sun would be
represented by ninetynine dollars and eighty
cents.
The rest of the solar system, all of
the planets, asteroids, comets, etc...
Photo from NASA
You are here
All of This Equals Twenty Cents
The Sun’s mass is composed of 70%
hydrogen and 28% helium. The rest is
mostly metals and amounts to less than
2%.
Helium
Hydrogen
The Sun’s Temperature
Photosphere Temperature is about
9,900 Degrees F
5,500 Degrees C
5,800 Degrees K
Core Temperature is about
28,000,000 Degrees F
16,000,000 Degrees C
15,600,000 Degrees K
Part 2:
Solar Categories
Photo from NASA
Mass
Class
O
B
Star color
Blue
Blue-White
Temperature
30,000 - 60,000 K
10,000 - 30,000 K
(x our own sun)
A
F
G
K
M
White
Yellow-White
Yellow
Orange
Red
7,500 - 10,000 K
6,000 - 7,500 K
5,000 - 6,000 K
3,500 - 5,000 K
2,000 - 3,500 K
3.2
1.7
1.1
0.8
0.3
60
18
The
Hertzsprung – Russell Diagram
A classification system for stars
Hertzsprung – Russell Diagram
106
O
B
A
F
G
K
M
Blue Giants
104
-5
Red Super Giants
Red Giants
102
0
Main
Sequence Stars
1
-102
5
10
White Dwarfs
-104
40,000
20,000
10,000
7,500
-10
5,500
Temperature (ºK)
4,500
3,000
15
Absolute Magnitude
Luminosity (Sun = 1)
Spectral Class
A Blue Giant is
a huge, very
hot, blue star.
A Blue Giant
burns twice as
hot and half as
long as a main
sequence star.
A Blue Giant
Photo from NASA
Blue Giants
Hot Blue Stars at the Core of Globular
Cluster M15
Photo from NASA
Super Giants
A super giant is
the largest
known type of
star; some are
almost as large
as our entire
solar system.
These stars are
rare.
Photo from NASA
Super Giants
When super
giants die they
supernova and
become black
holes.
Photo from NASA
This star is going Nova…
Photo from NASA
These have already gone Nova…
The Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant
This a relatively new Nova.
Photo from NASA
These have already gone Nova…
Cassiopeia A – An Old Supernova
Photo from NASA
This is a Black Hole!
Photo from NASA
So is this…
Photo from NASA
Part 3:
How our star
works…
How Our Sun Works
The center of the sun is very hot and the
pressure is immense, about 100 billion
times the air pressure here on Earth.
Because of that, atoms come so close to
each other that they fuse.
How Our Sun Works
Every second, the Sun converts 700
billion tons of Hydrogen into about 695
billion tons of Helium. About 5 hundred
thousand tons, are turned into energy, in
the form of light and heat.
How Our Sun Works
The Sun has converted about half its
supply of Hydrogen into Helium
over the last 4.5 billion years. When
our sun uses up its remaining
supply…
How Our Sun Works
Earth
… our sun will become a Red Giant
How Our Sun Works
Earth
Right now our Sun has a hot surface, a warm center,
huge mass, but it is small in size.
How Our Sun Works
Earth
When our Sun uses up most of its Hydrogen
it will start to lose its mass.
How Our Sun Works
Earth
The surface will begin to cool, and at the
same time the core will begin to heat up…
How Our Sun Works
Earth
…the Sun will begin to expand in size and
get much brighter.
How Our Sun Works
Earth
The Sun will swallow Mercury, and Venus as it
expands.
How Our Sun Works
Earth
The all the water on earth will evaporate into
space...
How Our Sun Works
Earth
The Earth will become, much like Mercury is
now.
How Our Sun Works
Earth
A charred lifeless rock, orbiting the sun…
How Our Sun Works
Earth
After the Sun uses up its remaining supply of
Hydrogen it will shrink up into a white Dwarf.
How Our Sun Works
In about 3 to 4
BILLION YEARS!!!
So you still have to
do your homework!
Earth
This will all happen in about…
Quiz: Put a circle on the Hertzsprung –
Russell Diagram where our Sun would be
B
A
F
G
K
M
106
-10
104
-5
102
0
1
5
-102
10
-104
15
40,000
20,000
10,000
7,500
5,500
Temperature (ºK)
4,500
3,000
Absolute Magnitude
Luminosity (Sun = 1)
O
Additional Images from
www.Nasa.gov
www.Thenineplanets.org
Used with permission
And
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Teacher Lecture Notes
To make this text bigger hold down the Ctrl key and turn the wheel on your mouse away from you at
the same time.
To me the solar system unit is the toughest unit to teach all year. Not because it is not interesting, not because I don’t
understand the material, and certainly not because the kids don’t like the material. Quite the opposite, they want to
know everything about everything, and that is where the challenge comes in. You really need to be at the top of your
game when you teach this unit. There are some fantastic web sites out there with some incredible information, the
information is written at all levels of understanding. I recommend to read them all, a lot. Our universe is a very
complicated and very huge place. We are a very, very, very small part in the grand scope of things. You need to have
a very solid understanding of the major principles of our universe to be able to relate the correct information to your
students. Questions that often come up, but are not on our standards, How do Black Holes work? How does Gravity
work? What happens to a star when it dies? If you are already a student of these concepts you will understand how
these three questions are interrelated. If the connection between those last three questions was not readily apparent
then you might want to do a little reading. Below are a few great places to start:
http://www.nineplanets.org/ - This site will answer about 85% of your questions right off the bat.
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasagalleries.cfm - Great stuff and awesome pictures
http://www.dustbunny.com/afk/index.html - Tough concepts put simply
http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/index.html - WOOF! great pics, and info about our solar system
http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/ - You are here. - Solar system simulator that places all the planets right where they, were, are,
or will be; according to your settings.
http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/solar_system_level2/moonlight.html - Lunar Phases
http://www.psi.edu/projects/moon/moon.html - Where did the moon come from. This is theory, but it is widely excepted
in the community of people who seem to know something about this. (it’s not evolution so have fun)
http://www.solarviews.com/eng/homepage.htm - Great in depth information about the solar system
I have also made additional comments in throughout the power point in the comments box under each slide. You can
print them out along with the slides so you can have them in front of you when you are giving the lecture. Cheat sheets
are aloud during lectures.
Special Thank You!
I would like to extend a special thank you to Bill Arnett
and his fantastic website
http://www.nineplanets.org/ . Bill took the time to
answer a bunch of technical questions for me, and
his help and guidance are very much appreciated.
Bill’s website (above) has been my major resource
for my solar system unit since I started teaching.
The information on this site and his vast collection
of pictures and links to other sites have been an
invaluable tool over the years. Bill site contains just
about everything you would need to know about our
solar system and more.
Thanks Bill! 
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