Transcript E-mail

Accessing the Internet
with Windows XP
1
Accessing the Internet
with Windows XP
This lesson will cover:
• How the Internet Works
• Your connection to the ‘net
• The “World Wide Web”
• E-Mail
• Newsgroups
• Internet Tools
• Web Browsers
• Search Engines
• FTP
• Using Internet Explorer
…the final facts from Chapters 8 and 9….
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More…What is the Internet?
The Internet is a worldwide computer network. Actually it is a
loose collection of networks. There is no central control all the
computers and sub-networks are linked together on a voluntary
basis.
These computers use the TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) as the method of connecting to each
other and transferring information. TCP/IP is actually a “suite”
of software programs that ensure traffic flows freely and
efficiently on the ‘net.
Before we really get started with the details you may want to go over a
Glossary of Internet and Web Jargon courtesy of the UC Berkeley
Library…
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More…What is the Internet?
In 1969 four host computers were connected together to form ARPANET,
this would later become the Internet as we know it. The first connections
were between:
• Stanford Research Institute
• UCLA
• UC Santa Barbara
• University of Utah
Although this project was highly motivated by the US Department of
Defense, several separate networks were created by the Department of
Energy, NASA and the National Science Foundation. These networks
were unconnected…for a while…
Click this link for a A Brief History of the Internet courtesy of the The
Internet SOCiety (ISOC)…
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More…What is the Internet?
…ARPANET grew into the Internet by connecting to other
networks as technology advanced. The development of
networking protocols like TCP/IP and Ethernet allowed
greater connectability of diverse systems.
Finally the growth of Local Area Networks (LAN) and the
widespread use of PCs forced new growth, until in 1996 there
were over 50,000 networks interconnected on the Internet.
Originally the main concern of the Department of Defense
was the “survivability” of the network…could it withstand a
major attack and still operate effectively…
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More…What is the Internet?
The "internetwork" in Theory
redundant connections...
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More…What is the Internet?
The "internetwork" in Theory
redundant connections...
mean no central control.
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More…What is the Internet?
A Internet request sent by a user out over the
network can travel many different paths.
When the request is issued it first goes to a
server that determines the address of the
remote server and then it goes to a router that
“routes” it to the destination. The routing can include visits to
other routers that will reroute the request according to the
current traffic and “state” of the Internet.
A simple message being sent across the city could theoretically
travel around the country or even the world before it reaches its
destination.
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More…What is the Internet?
LAN sends a request out on the Internet to a "remote" network...
LAN
Router
Remote LAN
Router
Telecom
Connection
Firewall
LAN Server
Router
Telecom
Connection
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Your Connection to the Internet
In the beginning, there was generally no access to other networks
(including the Internet), with the exception of premium priced
connections to databases and research facilities.
Online services and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS) became popular
in the 1980s. This was before most computer users had heard of the
Internet. Some of the pioneering online services were GEnie,
CompuServe and Delphi.
In 1992 Delphi was the first of these services to offer its users access
to the Internet.
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Internet Service Providers
An Internet Service Provider or ISP, is a business that provides its
clients with access to the Internet. For a fee, ISPs give a user an
account on a server that is connected to the Internet and a method of
connecting to the ISP’s local POP. The account usually includes an
e-mail account and many times, disk space for a Web site. There are
several types of access (or connections) provided by ISPs:
• Dial-up
• Cable
• DSL, ADSL, xDSL and ISDN
• Satellite
…and
Direct network connections - ISPs also provide connections to
organizations by connecting their LANs directly to the Internet.
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Your Connection to the Internet
ISPs provide a local Point of Presence (POP) through which the user
can connect. If the user has dial-up service they would dial in to a
modem pool at the POP, otherwise the connection is generally seamless.
An ISP also needs an ISP, so they purchase access through a company
that controls a Network Access Points (NAPs).
Dial-up connection
ISP
Point of Presence
(POP)
POP
The Internet
NAP
Network Access Point
(NAP)
LAN using a leased line (T1)
connection to the POP
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The Internet
Servers on the Internet can provide the following services to
the users that logon to them:
• FTP - The File Transfer Protocol is an efficient way to send or receive
files from another computer.
• E-mail - Provides electronic mail services which include mailing lists
(listservs®) and discussion groups.
• Newsgroups - These are organized “discussion” forums, sometimes
called USENET, and are very narrowly classified by subject, such as
rec.photo.equipment.35mm, or microsoft.public.windowsxp.general.
• World Wide Web - Servers that use the HTTP to exchange files are
part of the largest group users on the Internet. These computers “serve”
HTML files, which are rendered as “web” pages on the users local
computer.
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The Web
The World Wide Web is a
collection of computers connected via the Internet that
support the use of documents written in HyperText Markup
Language
(HTML).
The “web” uses the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
as the standard for the formatting and transmission of these
documents.
Not every server on the ‘net uses HTTP, and therefore is
not part of the Web.
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The Web
Since the World Wide Web
supports documents that are formatted using HTML, you
need to use a special application known as a “Web Browser”
to open and view them. Most modern browsers also include
the capability to “play” multimedia files such as video and
audio. Retrieving files via FTP and accessing e-mail servers
is another feature that has been added, but are really not web
functions.
The browser works by downloading (or retrieving from the
remote server) a file and then rendering it according to the
HTML specifications…
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The Web
When you use a web browser
to access a page on the web, you are actually asking a remote
server to send you a file.
This is done by issuing a command via the browser to “get” a
specific file, as in:
This is the file name “ms.htm”
http://www.microsoft.com/ms.htm
This is address is actually called the URL, or Uniform
Resource Locator. It is the location of a file on a Microsoft
server.
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The Web
After entering an URL (pronounced
“earl”) and sending the “get” command, the web browser
searches for and downloads the page and all the attached
graphics and other files. It then translates the HTML code to
the web page you see.
This is shown on the next two slides:
• The first shows the HTML (and javascript) code that the browser reads.
• The second shows the web page as it is translated for viewing…note the
URL in the upper left… http://www.microsoft.com/ms.htm
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Your browser “sees” this…
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You “see” this…
The URL
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Electronic Mail…or
E-mail
E-mail refers to the transmission of messages over a computer
network. Although these messages were text only messages
during the infancy of the Internet, they now can be sent in
HTML with audio, video or other multimedia presentations
attached. Some systems remain text-only mail systems, but
the move is to multimedia messaging.
E-mail is sent and received using specific e-mail protocols and
software. Although most all browsers include e-mail
capabilities many people still rely on single purpose mail
programs, like Pine, Eudora and Pegasus.
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Electronic Mail…or
E-mail
To use e-mail you need to have an account on an e-mail server.
This is usually done through your Internet Service Provider
(ISP).
A Webmail account can be had and accessed without having
an account with an ISP. They are e-mail accounts that can
accessed from any computer that can access the web. Hotmail
or Yahoo!mail are two examples of Webmail.
Now a word about Spam, its not just a “pork product”…its
also e-junk mail.
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E-mail Basics…Microsoft Outlook
The E-mail Inbox of Outlook lists the received mail along with
the Sender’s name, Subject and the date of receipt
Folder list…
The E-mail body
A hyperlink…
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E-mail Basics…Pine, on SacLink
This is Pine running on SacLink…it is a text based e-mail program. The
window is actually QVT Term, a program that allows a Windows computer
to connect to different systems, like Unix or mainframe computers.
The mail header
The E-mail body
You navigate by selecting options from here…like “m” for the Main menu.
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Internet Newsgroups
An Internet newsgroup is a specific type of online forum or
discussion group. Newsgroups use a different application level
protocol, the Network News Transfer Protocol, or NNTP to
deliver its data to users. These groups are sometimes called
USENET. They are like private e-mail lists that maintain the emails or “posted” messages in the order that they were sent and
answered. This arrangement is called message threading.
By using a newsgroup you can follow the messages of others,
which is called lurking; or you can participate in the action by
posting questions, comments or answers to other messages.
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Internet Newsgroups
Newsgroups are an excellent way to connect with people that
have the same interests, hobbies and problems. They are good
for getting answers to technical questions on many subjects, as
they generally deal with very narrow subjects.
When using a newsgroup you should be careful about posting
your e-mail address (or any contact information for that
matter)…in fact, many people use a phony address like
[email protected]. This is because spammers also lurk
among the newsgroups looking for addresses that they can use
or sell.
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Internet Newsgroups
Newsgroups are accessed on the Internet by using a program
called a newsreader. Most modern browsers include news
reading capabilities in their software.
The following slide shows Microsoft’s Internet Explorer 6 in its
newsreading mode. There are, however, many more single
purpose readers that incorporate added features, including
enhanced security.
Use this link to see a large list of newsreader programs on
CNET.
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Using Internet Explorer 6 to “read” Newsgroups
The listing of
posted messages
The current
Newsgroup
…and the
number of
messages
posted to it.
The text of
the selected
“post”…
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Internet Tools
Internet tools are programs that make accessing the Internet
the joy that it is. They include:
• Web browsers
• E-Mail Clients
• FTP and other file transfer tools
• Newsreaders
• Internet Agents (search and indexing tools)
• Internet and network configuration utilities
These tools are usually bundled into modern operating
systems, browsers or e-mail programs, so the “average”
Internet user will probably only use these tools to access the
Internet. Examples of these categories are on the next
slide…
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Internet Tools
• Web browser
• Opera
• E-Mail clients
• Eudora
• FTP Applications
• CuteFTP
• Newsreaders
• Xnews
• Telnet Applications
• NetTerm
• Internet agents
• Webferret
• Specialized tools
• Gopher
• Internet / Networking utilities
Links (and ratings) of more Internet tools can be found at:
http://cws.Internet.com/Internet.html
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Internet Tools
This screen capture shows an Internet “tool”, QVT/Term, as it displays the Pine
e-mail program’s main menu. QVT/Term is a program that emulates the screen
of another computer system, such as a Unix machine, or a mainframe as if you
were another terminal on the system. This is a connection to SacLink…
Pine is also a “tool”…
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Web Browsers
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Web Browsers
Web browsers were already defined…but to reinforce this:
A web browser is a program that locates a web page by using
an URL and displays it. The browser reads and translates
HTML formatted files. Modern web browsers are bundled with
many other capabilities including FTP, e-mail and
newsreading. The 3 most popular web browsers are:
• Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Netscape Navigator
• Opera
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And, let’s not forget the new kid in the hood…
Mozilla…best of all its FREE from mozilla.org
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Anatomy of a Web Browser…
Toolbar and Menu…including back, forward, home and reload commands
Main Window – the HTML page is displayed here…
Address box- the current URL is also displayed here…
Address box- enter the URL here…
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Search Engines
A search engine is a program that presents the results of a
search based on the criteria entered and the methodology of
the program. Each search engine uses different ways to locate
the results of your request. This means that not only are the
programs written differently, but they also search different
databases.
That’s right, these engines do not actually search the entire
Internet each time you enter a new search criteria, but instead
they look through their own (or another company’s) preindexed database of web pages and links.
There are many search engines available on the Internet, for
example…
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Some of the many Search Engines
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Search Engines
To use a search engine you need to enter a query. A query or
a search criterion is a way of describing the web page or
information that you want to find. For example, if you want
information on “big red rabbits”, you might enter big red
rabbits into the query text box on the engine’s page.
The queries can be quite long and can use numerous
“operators” to show the relationship of the words you enter
to each other. Or, they can be as simple as one word, for
example…
…if you want information on MIS 1abc you would do as
shown on the next slide…
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Search Engines
The Google search engine URL
The search criteria or query…we want to find web pages that are related to MIS 1abc
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Search Engines
The Google search engine URL now includes the “query string”
The original query…
These are the related pages
found by the Google search
engine. There are more, scroll
down to see the entire results.
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Search Engines
The next four slides show some intermediate to advanced query string
methods. They are useful when you need to narrow your search. Many
times a search will “return” thousands of results, making it impossible to
look at them all. Using the techniques on the following slides you can
reduce this number and get accurate results. Like most programs there
usually is an online help or “tips” link.
Search engine help, or tips link…
The number of links found as a result of the query…132,000
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Search Engine Query Operators
These operators are supported by most all search engines…
Operator
Example
Results
AND
gardening AND
vegetables
Pages that include both gardening and
vegetables. By default, most engines return
results that include all of your search terms.
Therefore, it is not generally necessary to
include "and" between terms.
OR
whales OR cetaceans
Pages that include either of the words, whales
OR those containing cetaceans OR those
containing both whales and cetaceans.
NOT
science NOT fiction
Pages that include science but NOT fiction.
""
"1996 World Series
Champions"
Pages containing the phrase "1996 World
Series Champions".
+
+San +Francisco
+restaurants
Pages that contain all of the words. Note that
this is not the same as "San +Francisco
+restaurants"
-
+bill +clinton -monica lewinsky
Pages that contain the words bill and clinton,
but not containing either monica or lewinsky.
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More Query Operators
These operators Not supported by all search engines…
Operator
Example
Results
()
Homer NOT (Simpson
OR Alaska)
Pages containing Homer but NOT Homer
Simpson or Homer, Alaska. Parentheses
simplify the creation of complex queries.
*
chemi*
Pages containing words that begin with 'chemi'
(e.g. chemical, chemistry, chemist). The *
(asterisk) can be used to replace multiple
characters.
%
Gene%logy
Pages that contain words beginning with 'gene'
and ending with 'logy', separated by a single
letter (e.g. genealogy and genealogy). Useful
for commonly misspelled words.
_
run_way
The underscore sometimes works as the %
sign as noted above. The resulting pages
would contain both "runway" and "runaway".
**
Fly**
Pages containing fly, flew, flown, and flying,
and so on. Use a double asterisk (**) to look
for all forms of a word.
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Using Non-English or Special Characters…
Character
Windows Shortcut keys
é
Alt-0233
Ç
Alt-0199
æ
Alt-0230
Ñ
Alt-0209
®
Alt+0174
Ø
Alt+0216
¿
Alt+0191
Special non-English characters can be, and should be, inserted into all queries
when possible. These characters can be substituted with wildcard characters,
such as *, % and _, but the accuracy of the results may be greatly diminished.
Windows users can access these characters by using the “Character Map” or
using the system's shortcut keys.
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Using the Character Map…
Select a
character in the
upper window.
The current font
is displayed
here.
The shortcut
keystrokes are
shown here.
The Windows Character Map tool can be used to find the key strokes needed
to enter to display foreign or “special” characters. It is usually found on the:
Accessories > System Tools Program menu.
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General Search Engine Query Rules
There are several "rules" that apply to almost all search engine query syntax
regardless of the stated method of reading the entry:
•All letters, regardless of how you type them, will generally be
understood as lower case.
•There is no need to use special characters to search for plurals; a
search for the word “car” will also return "cars". Unfortunately the
search word “cow” will not usually return “cattle”.
•By default most search engines return results that include all of your
search terms, it is not necessary to include AND between terms.
However, some engines such as WebCrawler perform OR searching
by default as opposed to the AND default.
Tips for getting the most out of search engines can be found here:
http://searchenginewatch.com/facts/index.html
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FTP…Internet File Transfers
The File Transfer Protocol is simply the protocol used on the Internet for
sending files from one computer to another. It can be as “simple” as the
command line program that comes with Windows XP…
The command ftp starts the program,
and help displays help…transferring
files like this takes a bit of skill
because you need to access remote
computers and navigate through
their file systems, and it is all done
by typing in commands like ls for a
directory listing…
Entering the command “bye” closes the session…
…or you can…
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WS_FTP…
WS_FTP is a Windows program that takes the work out of sending and
receiving files on the Internet…this program can be used for free by students
and is available from ZDNet…click the “About WS_FTP” window below to
go to the download site…the next 2 slides show a few of the features of
WS_FTP Limited Edition (the free version)…
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WS_FTP…
Enter the address of the host you want to open a session with…the user name
anonymous is a universal id that will gain access to many “public” computers.
With an anonymous login you need only use a “dummy” password…many
systems ask for your e-mail address, but you need not use your real one…
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WS_FTP…
You are now browsing the /pub directory of the host computer cdrom.com
Transferring files is now as easy as highlighting the filename(s) and clicking
the appropriate arrow…the left arrow moves a file from the right pane (the
remote computer) to the left pane (your computer)…and visa versa.
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Using Internet Explorer
Internet Explorer (IE) is Microsoft’s web browser it comes with Windows
XP, and many of the previous versions of Windows…the About window
below is shown below…
Note that the next slides
will demonstrate IE
using version 6.
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Internet Explorer is installed by
default on Windows XP and can
be accessed by clicking on the IE
desktop icon or the Pinned List
entry on the Start Menu...
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From the All Programs command on the
Start Menu select Internet Explorer...the
item is placed by itself on the menu during
the Windows XP installation
Remember: your menus will probably look
slightly different...
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IE opens from the desktop icon or the sub-menu item using the default address:
http://www.msn.com/
…this “start page” can be changed to any web page. For a better look let’s
maximize the window…and move to the IE homepage
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Menu and Toolbars
The current web address or URL
Site search tool
Hyperlinks, many of
the graphics on web
pages are links, too
Site navigation menus
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More site navigation menus
And still more Hyperlinks. You can
almost always tell a link because your
mouse cursor changes from an arrow
to a pointing finger
when you move
over a link. These images may not look
exactly like your cursor if it has been
customized, but it will always change
over a hyperlink. Another hint is a pop-up
window that may appear like:
The current web address, URL or in this case the
actual query string passed to the Microsoft server…
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To change IE’s options,
open the Internet Options
window by selecting Tools
and then Internet
Options…from the main
menu. This window can
also be accessed from the
Control Panel.
Explaining all the available options and
settings that can be configured from this
window would take a while and many
items are not meant for beginners to fool
with…
You can, however, easily change the
startup page here. To see the other settings
click through the tabs…for instance, click
Connections…
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…the Connections tab is where you
setup or reconfigure your Internet
connection settings. You can have
multiple connections listed here.
…the LAN Settings button not only
configures network connections, but
also cable modem and other high
speed connections.
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Some of the menu and toolbar items are meant to help you
move through the web…
Go Forward
a page…
Move back to the Home page
as set in the Internet Options
Search using the default
search page, MSN…
Display the Favorites list
Go Back a
page…
Refresh or Reload – downloads the
current web page to get the most recent
files …some pages need to be manually
updated occasionally..this will do it!
Stops the current activity, such as
a page or file download.
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…the View menu provides ways
quickly to change the look of IE by
adding or removing features such as
the Status bar and the Toolbars. It
also gives access to the View Source
command which displays the source
code of the currently displayed page.
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…the Favorites menu presents a
listing of what some call bookmarks.
Microsoft calls them favorites and
places them under this menu item.
The Organize command allows you
to create new folders and move and
delete the entries as you wish.
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…the Tools menu accesses the Internet Options…
window. It also opens an e-mail reader when you
select Mail and News, then Read Mail.
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…the Tools menu also opens the Internet Explorer
newsgroup (or simply news) reader. The default
newsreader is also from Outlook Express…the
program opened by this menu item can be changed
on the Internet Options window, Programs tab.
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…IE help is available in various ways
from the Help menu. Select Contents
and Index to open the Help Viewer with
IE help displayed as shown below… Or
you can press F1.
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Using Internet Explorer
Now for a few more tips, and then you can try out IE on your
own…the only way to learn to use this complex software is by
working with it.
To copy images from a website…this isn’t stealing…I don’t
think?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Right click on the image you want to copy
Select Save Picture As…from the pop-up menu
Select a destination and a filename…It is best NOT to change
the file extension, as it is based on the file type and changing
it could make it hard to open…or find for that matter!
Click the Save button and you are done.
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…right-clicking on an image
displays a pop-up menu from which
you accomplish several tasks...
…select Save Target As…to save the
“linked” object, such as a file or
another webpage.
…select Save Picture As…to save
an image.
…select Copy…to place a copy of the
image in the clipboard that can then be
pasted into another document.
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…some web sites, however, aren’t happy to
share their components. Right clicking on the
image on The Pool of Tears image on this web
page displays a message instead of a
menu…sorry.
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…right-clicking on an URL in the
Address box, displays a pop-up
menu that offers the options to Cut,
Copy, Paste or Delete the entry...
…this method would be a way to copy an URL to use in a
paper or some other academic endeavor like homework...
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