Transcript Price Control 價格管制

Price Control
Price Control
三個基礎的價管理論
（一）艾智仁以價格作為競爭準則，但競爭的準則多的是，不限於
價格。我指出除市價外，所有其他的非價格準則都會在某程度上導
致租值消散。這樣看，推斷了在價管下將會出現的非價格準則，理
論的均衡點是所有非價格準則的邊際租值消散是零。
（二）高斯定律的提點：私有產權是市場交易的先決條件。這是說，
以市價作為競爭準則是要基於私有產權的。這樣看，如果沒有私產
制度，競爭仍然存在，但會用上非市價的準則。這是說，凡是用上
非市價的競爭準則，私產的界定必定出現了問題。雖然高斯沒有那
樣說，但他的定律使我們能把競爭的準則與產權的界定掛。
（三）是我寫《佃農理論》時無意間發現的。分成或租金或市價，
是私產收入權利。如果這收入權利被政府壓制，私產的使用在某程
度上會有非私產的效果，會在某程度上導致租值消散。價格管制是
干擾了收入權，在某程度上會導致租值消散。選用非價格的準則—
—例如排隊輪購——的基本原因，是價格管制促成了非私產的效果。
約的自由。從社會整體利益的角度看，收入的再分配應該瓜分得
全部收入的權利都有清楚的界定，以至私產的本質不變。但價格
管制不是從產權劃分入手，而是從干擾私產的收入權利下筆，然
後試行以法例協助界定權利。
市價一旦被管制廢除，經濟學者就變得手忙腳亂，不知所措，搬出
「過剩」、「短缺」、「不均衡」
- 「過剩」與「短缺」也是經濟學者腦中的想像，在真實世界不
存在，從前沒有，以後也沒有。既然我們不可能望出窗外而有
機會看到經濟學者所說的「過剩」或「短缺」，只靠言之鑿鑿
來作科學驗證是沒有內容的。
資料來源:經濟解釋 卷三 制度的選擇
‧Price Ceiling
o
The maximum price set on a good
or service
Below the equilibrium price
‧Price floor
The minimum price set on a good
or service
Above the equilibrium
Effect of price ceiling
1.Money price will increase
4.Quantity transacted will decrease
2.Excess demand
5.Full price will increase
3.Non-price method of rationing
Non-price competition
Example
Queue
Resources used in the
competition
Waiting time
Violence
Energy used ,risk of
being hurt
Height
Time and effect used in
exercising Time
A-Level result
effect spend on study
Rent dissipation
Due to insufficient specification of property
rights ,the right to capture the potential
income or rent is not defined .People will
compete for the non-exclusive income or
rent until their value of resources used
equals to the rent .Thus rent is dissipated
during the non-price competition. For
instance ,time waste in queue, energy
consumed in violence.
An example of rationing by waiting
$400
$340
4
7
An example of rationing by waiting
Assumptions of this example
1. The number of seats available is q1 or 4
2. Information about the time others are willing
to wait is not scare.
3. Everyone values time at 20
An example of rationing by waiting
Customer
MUV of 1
concert ticket
How long is a
customer is
willing to wait
at max.
Will he/she
wait??
A
460
6
YES
B
C
440
420
5
4
YES
YES
D
400
3
YES
E
F
380
360
2
1
NO
NO
G
340
0
NO
An example of rationing by waiting
QUESTIONS
1. How long will each successful buyer queue for
the tickers?
3 hours
2. Is there excess demand for the tickets?
No, the market is cleared .
3. If each successful buyer is allowed to buy 2 tickers
at a time, what will be the effect on the equilibrium
waiting time and the number of waiters?
Waiting time increase and number of waiters
reduces by half
An example of rationing by waiting
4. If the number of seats increase from q1(4)to
Q’(5), what will be the effect on the equilibrium
waiting time and the number of waiters?
Equilibrium waiting time will falls, but the
number of waiters will be increase.
5. Suppose a person who values times at $70
per hour is willing to pay $ 500 for a concert
ticket. Will he get the ticket? Explain.
Yes, he can employ someone to queue for
him or exchange with those who have the
tickets.
AL Past Paper MC (2000 12)
An effective price ceiling imposed on a
good
A. Leads to shortage.
B. Reduces competition.
C. Encourages the use of non-price
competition.
D. Increases consumer surplus.
(answer~)
Black Market
An illegal market, established under price
control , in which trading take places other
than the controlled price .
With price ceiling ,people are willing to pay
a price higher than the current money price
in order to get the commodity, thus give rise
to black market
Both the established and the elimination of
a black market is resources consuming
Effect of price floor
1. Quantity transacted will decrease
2. Money price will increase
3. Excess supply
4. Non-price competition
5.Illegal price cutting
組員名單
The End.