Transcript Chapter 12
Microeconomics ECON 2302 May 2009 Marilyn Spencer, Ph.D. Professor of Economics Chapter 12 Reviewing Learning Objectives from Chapter 11. You should be able to: Define a perfectly competitive market, and explain why a perfect competitor faces a horizontal demand curve. Explain how a perfect competitor decides how much to produce. Use graphs to show a firm’s profit or loss. Explain why firms may shut down temporarily. Explain how entry and exit ensure that firms earn zero economic profit in the long run. Explain how perfect competition leads to economic efficiency. Any questions on these topics? Anything else? Chapter 12. Monopolistic Competition: the Competitive Model in a More Realistic Setting After studying this chapter, you should be able to: LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 2 3 4 5 6 Explain why a monopolistically competitive firm has a downward-sloping demand curve. Explain how a monopolistically competitive firm decides the quantity to produce and the price to charge. Analyze the situation of a monopolistically competitive firm in the long run. Compare the efficiency of monopolistic competition and perfect competition. Define marketing and explain how firms use it to differentiate their products. Identify the key factors that determine a firm’s profitability. Monopolistic Competition: The Competitive Model in a More Realistic Setting Monopolistic competition A market structure in which barriers to entry are low, and many firms compete by selling similar, but not identical, products. 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVE Demand and Marginal Revenue for a Firm in a Monopolistically Competitive Market The Demand Curve for a Monopolistically Competitive Firm 12 - 1 The Downward-Sloping Demand for Caffe Lattès at a Starbucks Demand and Marginal Revenue at a Starbucks 12 – 1 Marginal Revenue for a Firm with a Downward-Sloping Demand Curve CAFFÈ LATTES SOLD PER WEEK (Q) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PRICE (P) $6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 TOTAL REVENUE (TR = P x Q) AVERAGE REVENUE (AR – TR/Q) MARGINAL REVENUE (MR = ΔTR/ΔQ) $0.00 5.50 10.00 13.50 16.00 17.50 18.00 17.50 16.00 13.50 10.00 $5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 $5.50 4.50 3.50 2.50 1.50 0.50 -0.50 -1.50 -2.50 -3.50 Marginal Revenue for a Firm with a Downward-Sloping Demand Curve 12 - 2 Demand and Marginal Revenue for a Firm in a Monopolistically Competitive Market Marginal Revenue for a Firm with a Downward-Sloping Demand Curve How a Monopolistically Competitive Firm Maximizes Profits in the Short Run 12 - 4 Maximizing Profit in a Monopolistically Competitive Market 2 LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE What Happens to Profits in the Long Run? How Does Entry of New Firms Affect the Profits of Existing Firms? 12 - 5 How Entry of New Firms Eliminates Profits Don’t Confuse Zero Economic Profit with Zero Accounting Profit How Does Entry of New Firms Affect the Profits of Existing Firms? (cont.) 12 – 2 The Short Run and the Long Run For a Monopolistically Competitive Firm 12 - 1 The Rise and Fall of Apple’s Macintosh Computer Macintosh lost its differentiation, but still has a loyal – if small – following. 12-2 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVE The Short Run and the Long Run for the Macintosh What Happens to Profits in the Long Run? Is Zero Economic Profit Inevitable in the Long Run? A firm’s profits will be eliminated in the long run only if the firm stands still and fails to find new ways of differentiating its product or fails to find new ways of lowering the cost of producing its product. 12 - 2 Staying One Step Ahead of the Competition: Eugène Schueller and L’Oréal Unlike many monopolistically competitive firms, L’Orèal has earned economic profits for a very long time. 4 LEARNING OBJECTIVE Comparing Perfect Competition & Monopolistic Competition 12 - 6 Comparing Long-Run Equilibrium under Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition Comparing Perfect Competition and Monopolistic Competition Excess Capacity under Monopolistic Competition The profit-maximizing level of output for a monopolistically competitive firm comes at a level of output where price is greater than marginal cost and the firm is not at the minimum point of its average total cost curve. How Consumers Benefit from Monopolistic Competition Consumers benefit from being able to purchase a product that is differentiated and more closely suited to their tastes. 12 - 3 Abercrombie and Fitch: Can the Product Be Too Differentiated? Did Abercrombie and Fitch narrow its target market too much? 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVE How Marketing Differentiates Products Marketing All the activities necessary for a firm to sell a product to a consumer. Brand Management Brand Management The actions of a firm intended to maintain the differentiation of a product over time. 6 LEARNING OBJECTIVE What Makes a Firm Successful? 12 - 7 What Makes a Firm Successful? Monopolistic Competition Excess capacity Marketing Brand management Assignments for May 26: Prepare for Exam 2: Chapters 8, 10, 11 & 12. Study Ch. 13 and be able to answer: Review Questions: p. 464, 1.1 – 1.3; p. 466, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4 & 2.5 (1st edition: 1-4, 6-8 & 10 on pp. 436-43), and Problems and Applications: p. 465, 1.10; p. 466, 2.6, 2.7 & 2.10; p. 467, 2.17; p. 468, 2.19; and: The city is considering auctioning licenses that would allow one or two vendors to sell ice cream on the local beach. If the city licenses two vendors, will it receive more in total license fees than if it sells a license to only one vendor? Will people who use the beach be better off if the city licenses two vendors or one vendor? Suppose the city licenses two vendors but announces that every year it will sell licenses to two new vendors. The same vendor may not hold a license more than once every five years. Would this make any difference to the prices the vendors change? (1st edition: 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 15 & 21 on pp. 437-440).