Transcript File
Chapter 9 International Trade Ratna K. Shrestha International Trade How does international trade affect economic wellbeing? Who gains and who loses (consumers or producers) from free trade among countries? Overview The Determinants of Trade The Winners and Losers From Trade The Welfare Effects of a Tariff The Arguments for Restricting Trade The Principle of Comparative Advantage Recall from Chapter 3 that trade can benefit everyone in a society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. The producer who has the smaller opportunity cost of producing a good is said to have a comparative advantage in producing that good. Determinants of International Trade The effects of international trade can be shown as the difference between the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of a good. A country will either be an exporter of the good or an importer of the good. If the domestic price (without trade) is higher, then the country becomes an importer. Determinants of International Trade International trade issues are no different from trading as it applies to individuals within a community and between provinces and regions within a country. Equilibrium without Trade Assume: – A country that is isolated from the rest of the world and produces steel. – The market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers of the country. In the absence of trade, the price adjusts to equilibrate domestic supply and demand. The sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive from the steel market. Equilibrium Without Trade Steel Market Price Domestic Supply Consumer Surplus Producer Surplus Domestic Demand Quantity Impacts of International Trade If the country decides to engage in international trade will it be an importer or exporter of steel? Who will gain from free trade in steel and who would lose? Would gains from trade exceed losses? To answer these questions..Start by comparing market prices. . . Determinants of International Trade If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price and the country will be an exporter of the good. If the rest of the world has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price and the country will be an importer of the good. International Trade: Exporter If the world price of steel is higher than the domestic price, producers of steel will want to sell their steel at the world price, hence output would increase and domestic price would rise. As domestic suppliers produce more steel and sell some of the additional output in the world market, the domestic price will increase to the world price. Domestic country becomes an Exporter! Price International Trade: Exporter Steel Market Domestic Supply World Price Domestic Demand Quantity Price International Trade:Exporter Steel Market Domestic Supply World Price Domestic Demand Quantity International Trade:Exporter The difference between domestic demand and domestic production at the world price is the amount exported! It can be determined, graphically, that, exports will result in a net gain in surplus (welfare). Price International Trade:Exporter Steel Market Domestic Supply World Price Quantity Exported! Domestic Demand Quantity International Trade:Exporter Price Steel Market Domestic Supply A World Price B D Net Gain in Surplus! (CS = -B, PS = B+D) C Domestic Demand Quantity Welfare of Exporting Country International Trade:Importer If the world price of steel is lower than the domestic price, the country would be an importer of steel, when trade is permitted. – Consumers will want to buy the lower priced steel at the world price. Producers of steel will have to lower their output until the supply price is equal to the world price. International Trade:Importer Price Steel Market Domestic Supply World Price Domestic Demand Quantity International Trade:Importer Price Steel Market Domestic Supply World Price Domestic Demand Quantity International Trade: Importer As a result of a lower world market price, the quantity demanded by the domestic consumers will increase but the domestic production decreases, hence the domestic country becomes an Importer! The difference between domestic demand and domestic production at the world price is the amount imported! It can be determined, graphically, that, Imports will result in a net gain in surplus (welfare). Price International Trade:Importer Steel Market Domestic Supply Amount Imported! World Price Domestic Demand Quantity International Trade:Importer Price Steel Market A Domestic Supply Net Gain in Surplus! (CS = B+D, PS = -B) B D World Price C Domestic Demand Quantity Welfare of an Importing Country Winners and Losers When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producers of the good are better off. They receive a higher price. However, domestic consumers of the good are worse off. They pay a higher price. When a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good, domestic consumers of the good are better off. They pay a lower price. However, domestic producers of the good are worse off. They receive a lower price. Winners and Losers From Free International Trade No matter who losses or gains, trade raises the economic well-being of the nation as a whole. The net change in total surplus is positive. Other Benefits of International Trade The Lessons for Trade Policy Enhanced flow of ideas, especially production techniques. Increased variety of goods. We can enjoy mangoes from Mexico, Papaya from the Philippines and a car from Japan. Lower costs through economies of scale. Trade leads to specialization. As a country produces more for international market as well, it can enjoy economies of scale (lower average cost of production due to higher production). Increased competition. With trade firms have to compete with foreign producers as well. The Welfare Effects of a Tariff A tariff is a tax on imported goods. It raises the price of imported goods, above the world price by the amount of the tariff. Domestic suppliers of the tariffed goods are gainers while domestic consumers of the goods are losers. The government gains from the tax revenue. Examples: U.S. tariff on Canadian lumber in 2001/2002. U.S. tariff on foreign steel. When we buys goods from across the border, we pay taxes if value of goods exceeds certain amount. Price The Welfare Effects of a Tariff Steel Market Domestic Supply $$ value of Import World Price Domestic Demand Quantity Price The Welfare Effects of a Tariff Domestic Supply Steel Market Tariff } World Price Domestic Demand Imports w/ Tariff Quantity Price The Welfare Effects of a Tariff Domestic Supply Steel Market Govt. Revenue Reduced Consumption } Tariff Increased Production Quantity The Welfare Effects of a Tariff Price Steel Market Domestic Supply Deadweight Losses From Tariff A B C D E F } Tariff G Quantity Deadweight Losses Due to Tariff Like any tax on the sale of a good, it distorts incentives and pushes the allocation of scarce resources away from the optimum. – Raises domestic prices and encourages more domestic production (Loss = D). Notice this extra increased domestic production can be produced by foreign firms at a lower costs (than the domestic firms) and in that sense misallocation of resources. – Higher domestic prices reduces the amount purchased by domestic consumers (Loss =F). The Effects of a Tariff The Effects of an Import Quota An import quota is a limit on the quantity of a good that is produced abroad and sold domestically. It raises domestic price above the world price – domestic buyers are worse off – domestic sellers are better off. Import license holders are better off because they make a profit from buying at the world price and selling at the higher domestic price. Example: Canada permits only two bottles of liquor import for individuals traveling across the border. Figure 7 The Effects of an Import Quota Price of Steel Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Quota Isolandian price with quota Equilibrium with quota Price World without = price quota 0 Domestic supply + Import supply Imports with quota S Q S Domestic demand D Q Q Imports without quota D Q World price Quantity of Steel Copyright © 2004 South-Western Figure 7 The Effects of an Import Quota Price of Steel Domestic supply Equilibrium without trade Quota A Isolandian price with quota Price World without = price G quota 0 B C E' D Equilibrium with quota F E" Imports with quota S Q Domestic supply + Import supply S Domestic demand D Q Q Imports without quota D Q World price Quantity of Steel Copyright © 2004 South-Western The Effects of an Import Quota Thailand Imports Quota for Japan Steel Set at 950,000 Tons (October 25th, 2007) Under the Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA), the quota for Thailand imports of Japan steel has been set at 950,000 tons according to the Bangkok Post. Of the Thailand imports quota, the largest allocations of steel go to Siam United Steel and Thai Cold Rolled Sheet, both of which are part of joint ventures with Nippon Steel and Sahaviriya Steel Industries respectively. The Japan-Thailand Economic Partnership Agreement (JTEPA) states that Thailand will eliminate the 15% Thailand import tariff for Japanese steel, and in return, Japan will reduce tariffs for farm goods. Arguments for Restricting Trade Jobs: Trade leads to loss of jobs to countries with lower wages or lax standards (such as environmental). During presidential election in 1992, Ross Perot argument was that NAFTA will lead to loss of US jobs to Mexico. National Security: A country should not import militarily sensitive equipments from foreign nations. Infant Industry: For many start up businesses, it takes time to be competitive with already established foreign businesses and so needs some protection in the form of trade (import) barriers. Arguments for Restricting Trade Unfair-Competition: Another argument is unfair competition from foreign firms. In 2002, US slapped 29% tax (on the average) on Canadian lumber arguing that Canadian lumber industry receives subsidies from the government (charge minimum fee for logging in public lands) which is unfair for US forest industry, where they don’t get any such help from the government. Protection-as-a-Bargaining-Chip: When U.S. imposed tariff on Canadian lumber and band on beef (in the wake of BSE case in Alberta), there was a talk of restricting energy supply to U.S. The threat can be considered as a bargaining chip. On the News: Japan threatens US with trade quotas June 11, 2005: Japan has joined with six other countries including the EU in warning the US of their intention of imposing trade sanctions unless the US government abolishes the Byrd Amendment-an antidumping tariff amendment (if it does not eliminate the Continued Dumping and Subsidy Offset act of 2000) The World Trade Organization (WTO) has termed the Byrd Amendment as violation of the WTO rules. Two Approaches to Free Trade Unilateral – Britain in 19th century and South Korea and Chile in recent years. Multilateral – NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) among Canada, US and Mexico in 1993. This agreement is meant to lower the tariff and quota restriction on the flow of goods and services across these 3 nations. Two Approaches to Free Trade Multilateral: GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariff), a continuing series of trade agreements among many nations. The rules of GATT are enforced by World Trade Organization (WTO). GATT has reduced the average tariff from 40% before WW II to about 5% today. On the news: WTO panel to rule on Canada-U.S. lumber dispute (Jan, 2005): The WTO has set up a panel to decide if the U.S. complied with its earlier rulings that favored Canada in the longrunning dispute over softwood lumber. Conclusion... Economists see the benefits of trade between countries the same way as they see the benefits of trade between provinces, cities and people. Any individual would have a much lower standard of living if she or he had to produce all of the goods that this individual planned to consume! If there were no gains from trade, there would have been no trade across individuals or nations at all.